Addiction for the Leadership of the Country

However, for a foreign polity to be sane, at the very least, and, at best, effective in achieving desired goals, that policy must be based on the latest accurate information. Presidents from Eisenhower through Johnson had to have deliberately handle such information which made clear that revolutions in tercet World nations were non inspired by Soviet charm but were expressions of indigenous rage at repression from within and without.

What happened, match to Gaddis, is that the policy makers of the U.S. sank into a kind of groupthink in which the Soviet confederacy was seen as the embodiment of perfection with respect to its perceived trend to spread communism throughout the world. U.S. policy was rooted not in reason and the latest information, but in the ignorance and imposing fervor of anti-communist, anti-Soviet ideology:

This preoccupation with ideology also conduct the [Eisenhower] administration to attribute to the Russians a clarity of strategic survey not possible in the western democracies. . . . Moscow had, change insisted, a carefully prepared and superbly implemented platform which . . . has brought a small Communist group into control o'er one-third of the world's population (Gaddis 140).

The same counter-ideology raged in the Soviet uniting with respect to the U.S., so that each side, in effect, had a tiger by the tail. Neither side would let go or even consider that the other side was not the personi

That Johnson . . . shared the world view of virtually every other policymaker . . . seems . . . clear: that appeasement did not cede; that America's primary interest lay in containing the expansionist aspirations of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (Martel 132).

Kennedy certainly entered office beneath the pall of the same rimy War ideology and its containment policy, as evidenced by his "missile gap" rhetoric, his increase in advisors in Vietnam, and the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. We will never complete whether he would have altered U.S.

policy, though his test-ban treaty with the Soviets, his adjuration of the CIA after the Bay of Pigs disaster, and his plan to withdraw from Vietnam indicate at least a willingness to consider more flexibility in that policy. With his assassination (a result, in part, of just that flexibility?) and the ascension of Lyndon Johnson, unappeasable Cold War ideology was re-established, with the Vietnam War its major proceeds:

fication of pure evil. from the U.S. side, this prevented any change in the policy of containment. This policy was basically one of doing everything necessary to install puppet governments which were anti-Communist, and to dismiss governments that were not anti-Communist and therefore perceived as pro-Soviet. Eisenhower's speech of 1957 listed areas in which such policy had been implemented based on Cold War ideology: Korea, the Philippines, Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Iran, Trieste, and Guatemala---"All of which he insisted had been instances 'of Soviet ram designed to accelerate Communist conquest of every estate where the Soviet government could make its influence felt'" (Gaddis 140).

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