Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to Cancer

Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to crab louseFlavonoids and its effect on the proliferation of the mobile phonesPublished date suggested that flavonoids pull in capability to check phosphate protein kinases on their specific sites. Flavonoids interact with Akt/PKB (protein-kinase B), tyrosine kinase P1KC (protein-1 kinase C), PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling roadways. Flavonoids draw been describe to activate and inhibit the effects on these signaling pathways by modulating of their broker expressions (Williams et al., 2004). Flavonoids inhibitory mechanism has been proved by altering their sense organ phosphorylations or blocking growth factor receptor binding. Flavonoids also inhibit Fyn and Lck protein kinases, knotty in T electric electric cell signaling transport (Calic et al., 2005).PI3K catalyse productions of PIP1 and PIP2. PIP3 may activate the PDK1 which stimulates the Akt/PKB. Of these effects PDK1 is essential for regulator of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration and caspase-mediated cell death. Bad, Bcl-2, and caspases proteins are responsible for programmed cell death, these can be inhbitied by Akt pathway.Several data devour been suggested that flavonoids directly inhibit the PI3K pathway by their interacting their ATP binding sites. MAPK pathway ((ERK2, JNK1 and p38) are responsible for releasing of many survival genes (c-Fos, c-Jun) and those genes which are involved in the antioxidant activity (detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione-reductase) have also been activated by imprint level of quercetin.Anti-malignant neoplastic diseaseous properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids also have anticancer activities by blocking their cellular mechanism. Flavonoids targets the cell cycle regulator proteins (cycline-dependent kinases and their inhibitors, protein p53 and Rb, E2Fs, ATM/ATR and surviving transition-controlling points G1/S an d G2/M) (Sing et al., 2006).Flavopiridol decently inhibits the CDK1-and CDK2 cell regulating pathways (Vermeulen et al., 2003). Cell proliferation and cell viability ratio of the prostate cancer decrementd with handling of quercetin. Quercetin induce apoptosis with down-regulating mechanism of Hsp90 expression of proteins, takeing in the death of cancer cells by inhibiting the cellular growth. (Aalinkeel et al., 2008). Inhibiting cellular growth and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and blockage of cell cycle at S-phase in squamta cells have been reported with quercetin (Haghiac et al., 2005). Querecetin also prevents growth of nasopharyngeal cancer cells via arrest of cell cycle at G1/S phase (Ong et al., 2004). ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway stimulates the lung cancer which is derived from the A549 cell proliferation have been reported combine inhibitory effects of querecetin and kaempferol (Hung et al., 2007). Quercetin stimulates the protein expressions of p21 and p22 which inhibited the cell cycle in HepG2 cells (Mu C et al., 2007).Quercetin at the concentration of (248uM) down-regulates the mutantp53 expressions which is almost untraceable in the cell lines of the breast cancer. Negative control was too humiliate as compare to normal gene p53. Quercetin at the dose of 70 uM, having inhibiting activity on cell division, and trysine kinase activity, is an enzyme placed on the cell weave layer and is involved in growth factors and signaling transduction in nucleus (Lamson et al., 2000).scientific data have been reported that flavonoids especially the quercetin having oral anticancer properties. Quercetin inhibits the cellular growth and DNA synthesis depending the dose and timing of the administration. Quercetin induced apoptosis with preaching of caspase-3 proteins after 72 hours, and cell sphacelus after 24-48 hours in SCC-9 cells. Flow cytometer studies confirmed cell cycle blockage at S-phase with the treatment of quercetin ( Haghiac et al., 2005). Quercetin induced cell proliferation of B16-BL6 after 72 hours and also caused apoptosis in B16-BL6 cells and reduced the expressions of Bcl-2 and anti-apoptotic proteins (Zhang et al., 2000).Anti-apoptotic properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids have been reported to induce apoptosis process by activating and modulating cellular signaling pathways resulting in death of pre-cancerous and maligne cells, which terminates cancer knowledge or progression. Human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, do by with different concentrations of quercetin shown to inhibited cell death after 24 hours. crushing of Akt survival signals have been activated in the treated cells. Rapid decrease in Ser 136 phosphorylation in Bad that is a Akt target have been reported with treatment of LNCaP and 100 uM of quercetin. Quercetin have been shown to reduce the Bcl-XL, Bx ratio and enhances translocation and multimeriation of Bax in the mitochondrial membrane cytochrome-c released by tran slocation, and the caspase 3, 5, 9 proteins and PARB (poli(ADP-ribose)polymerase). Remarkably, quercetin does not induce cellular viability or apoptosis at same concentrations in normal prostatic epithelial cells (Zhanget al., 2000). moving picture of cells for persistenter time on quercetin induced apoptosis intervened by decline of thymidylate synthase (Ong et al., 2004). Quercetin induced apoptosis in CNE2 and HK1 cells after 24 hours of treatment and treatment was continued when necrosis was observed.HeLa cells have been exposed on non-toxic flavonoid concentrations which slightly unprotected to TRAIL induced cell death. TRAIL mediated cytotoxicity in HeLa cells was change magnitude by apigenin and ginstein but no effect have been documented with kaempfeol and quercetin (Leeet al., 2008). Luteoline induced cell cytotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/Akt (phosphattidylinositol 3-kinase), NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and activate s of apoptotic pathways, such as p53 protein (Lin et al., 2008 and Lopez-Lazaro., 2009). At high doses majority of the flavonoids suppressors AP-1 activity (activator protein 1) by MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2006). activation of cellular signaling pathways in cancer and flavonoidsFigures-9. Sources of inflammatory mediators and their originFigure-7. rough diseases and cancers associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)ConclusionOxidative stress brings the changes into the cells resulting in gene mutation which leads to the carcinogenesis. It brings direct or indirect intra and inter-cellular and intercellular transduction and transcription changes by antioxidants. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and tumor bearing conditions is convoluted and various mechanisms and substances are involved.Clinical evidence suggests that oxidative stress and firing linked to free radicles over generation may be the headstone factor in development of continuing diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. immoderate nutrition, stress in combination with sedentary lifestyle, can independently result in overburden of glucose and fatty acid accumulation with musle, adipose tissue and pancreatic cells. All these factors lead to continuing inflammation resulting in chronic diseases. Published data suggested that the key role of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids as therapeutics agents in the inflammatory diseases including obesity, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases cancer and aging. Flavonoids are the key modulators of inflammatory molecules.Flavonoids inhibits the AMPK one of the major pathway of inflammation and cancer. Activation of AMPK by flavonoids causes to join on the cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and some studies suggested that it a neoplastic agentFurthermore, inflammation stimulates various inflammatory mediators, chemokine s, cytokines, signaling transductions and transcriptional factors overproduction for long periods may lead to chronic inflammation which in turn to chronic diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. Better clarification of these mechanisms will be beneficial to the development of efficacious prevention and therapies of inflammation associated cancers. Moreover, effects of flavonoids at molecular mechanism and study also should be carried out on modulatory action effects on transcription levels of the flavonoids should be studied.Fig-4. Anti-inflammatory activities of the flavonoidsSOD- superoxide anion dismutase 2- CAT- Catalase 3- GPx- Glutathione peroxidase 4- GR- Glutathione reductase 5- GST- Glutathione S-transferase. 6- GCS- -glutamylcysteine synthetase 7- NADPHNQO1- quinone oxidoreductase-1. 8- HSP70- heat shock proteins. 9- MPO- myeloperoxidase 10- iNOS- inducible nitric oxidase synthase. 11- OH Hydroxyl radical. 12- O2 -superoxide radical. 12- MDA- Malondialdehyde 13 - IL-2 interlukins-2 14- FMLP- Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine. 15- TNF-- Tumor necrosis factor . 16- LTB4- Leukotriene B4. 17- LTC4- Leukotriene C4. 18- TXB2- Thomboxane B2 19. PGE2- Prostaglandins e2. 20- NF-B- Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta 21- ICAM-1- Intercellular Adhesion scintilla 22- VCAM-1- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1