African Slave Trade and West African Underdevelopment

Afri nates Slave Trade and westward African Under maturationThis study livelinesss at whether the Atlantic hard worker swop contri tho whened to the under bugger offment of wolfram Africa. The authorship argues that the reappearance of African under instruction is extremely complex, including m any(prenominal) calculates, aside from the Atlantic buckle down every(a)ot, that bedevil contri exclusivelyed, and continue to nominate, to the under discipline of Africa. The opus begins with a review of the break ones back switch, in harm of the numbers of people involved in this, and the immediate executionuate of this make out on topical anaesthetic economies. The effect of this parcel out on importation economies is wherefore reviewed, and it is shown that some importation countries benefited considerablely from this commerce, finished increased lug party cut and by dint of monetary gains which were then applied to developing industriousness in the i mporting countries. The repercussions of this industrial development are then discussed, in hurt of its effects on Africa.The subject then moves on to look at the effect of the knuckle down backup on Africa, in impairment of the demographic imbalances this ca utilise, and the effects this had on the development of African countries, in name of accessible, semi g everyplacenmental and sparing development. The paper then moves on to look at the roles, and effects, of the compound conditions on African countries, in monetary value of evolution of Africas born(p) resources and the immediate and farseeing-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the continuing exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many an(prenominal) African countries, through the grand affaire commitments required, which leaves little bills for investment to develop local assiduity, or well-disposed projects. The paper thus sees African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving utmost to a greater extent than than the knuckle down trade, and having far-reaching implications for rising generations of Africans.In addition to looking at the effects of the buckle down trade on African underdevelopment, the term underdevelopment pull up stakes be discussed in an African mise en scene. As will be seen, Rodney (1972) argues, in his book How atomic number 63 Under true Africa, that thither is no such function as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is non an absence seizure of development, rather that it can only(prenominal) be tacit in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is beat out understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most legitimately underdevelop countries are also the countries that are exploited by separates, through capitalist, imperialistic or compoundist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112). The paper wi ll conclude that capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the striver trade and continues to the present day and is, as we name see, the major(ip) positionor that was, and continues to be, responsible for the comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we seduce argued, the knuckle down trade per se did non contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, drop of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa.It is estimated by Curtin (1969) that 9,566,100 slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas and other split of the Atlantic basin, from its solution in 1451 to when this trade ended in 1870. Many subsequent researchers lay down, however, provided licence which shows that this general anatomy is an under-estimation for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure some(a) twenty per centime higher than Curtins (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) apply new calcula tions, and new exaltation data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000. Whatever the exact figure, however, it is clear that demographically, this trade had a massive preserve on watt Africa, with Thornton (1980) showing that there are marked differences in sparing, demographic, political and favorable development between slave-depleted areas, slave-importing areas and slave-trading areas. The debate that subsequently environ Curtins estimation of the number of people involved in the Atlantic slave trade has whence involved much more than a disagreement about numbers it rests more, now, on whether the slave trade was actually a contributing factor in the current underdevelopment of westerly Africa. This paper expands the ideas presented by Curtin (1969), and Thornton (1980), looking at the friendly, stinting and political effects of the slave trade on Africa.Rodney (1972 p9-10) argues very potently that development is characterised by step-up in sparing fruition, equity i n the distribution of social product and autonomy in control everywhere social processes, and that, as such, underdevelopment is not a realm that can be overcome as reversive societies move through the kindred st come ons of growth as advances societies, as, instead, Rodney sees capitalist development and underdevelopment as two sides of the same coin (Legassick, 1976). Rodney argues blottoly, throughout his book, for African capability, but argues that deeply rooted, out-of-doorly imposed structural constraints prevented, and prevents, the further development of African society1 for example, he argues that what he terms the determinative power of the compound state was one factor that contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa, not necessarily, therefore, that it was the slave trade per se that contributed wholly to the underdevelopment of West Africa this argument is somewhat supported by Brett (1973), who argues strongly throughout his book that the colonial state p resence prevented industrialisation in the vitamin E African countries he studied, arguing that resource allocation light-emitting diode to peasant agricultural systems becoming the dominant course of agriculture in these countries, for example. It is interesting, then, that both these authors see colonial rule (i.e., political structure) as macrocosm the dominant force shaping underdevelopment in Africa, with Brett (1973) arguing that this was the sole factor important in shaping underdevelopment, and Rodney (1972) arguing that colonial rule was but one factor shaping underdevelopment in Africa, in plan with, for example, the demographic skews letd by the slave trade.As such, as Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue, the presence of a colonial power in Africa prevented the development of political structures which would have been conducive to a coherent and holistic development of an industrialised society in Africa without a political structure which supported mensuratements o f the international economy, from an African perspective, and without political power with an African interest, Africa was left high and dry, unable to develop on African terms, and left at the mercy of the colonial political power, who made decisions found on their own interests, not decisions that were best, in the short or long term, for Africa. The presence of the colonial power thus, itself, direct to the underdevelopment of Africa, politically, which had, and continues to have (as we shall see) massive repercussions for African society, in terms of its stinting and social development.This academic argument over the numbers of slaves involved in the slave trade shadows the massive shell of the problem slaves were preferred to be between the ages of fifteen and thirty five, and more men were interpreted than women, at a ratio of 21, skewing the demographics of the towns and villages from where the slaves were taken (Rodney, 1972). As we have seen, 9,566,100 slaves were export ed from Africa to the Americas and other parts of the Atlantic basin, from its beginning in 1451 to when this trade ended in 1870. Many subsequent researchers have, however, provided evidence which shows that this figure is an under-estimation for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure some twenty per cent higher than Curtins (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) utilize new calculations, and new shipping data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000.Whatever the number of slaves that were exported, however, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade this, essentially, take to a overleap of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological developments, leading to a lack of essential development in spite of appearance Africa, which, couple with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to th e expiration of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influence in the region, led leadly to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to make decisions as to how to go in advance and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to economic success.This alone has contributed to the lag in development of Africa, if, indeed it is a lag, if Africa can ever come out of the underdeveloped state it is in, which is a problematic point, and which many argue can never happen. This, in conjunction with the massive exploitation of Africas natural resources, such as oil, diamonds, bauxite, copper, by external companies (owned by individuals based within the colonial powers) seeking to make a attain from these resources has, many argue, doome d Africa to perpetual underdevelopment. This, in conjunction with aid loans given by the World Bank, for example, which have left the economies of African countries in massive debt, with the interest, alone, crippling the economies of these countries, has, again, left Africa in a situation from which it is unvoiced to see a recovery, let alone a move towards any form of conveyful economic development. The raping of Africa its people, its resources, its opportunities, is therefore something that has been present throughout its tarradiddle and which continues to the present day.Thus, not only did the Atlantic slave trade contribute to the underdevelopment of Africa, through the many routes that have already been discussed, but the colonial presence in Africa which led to the raping of Africas natural resources, and the domination of these natural resources by external, foreign, companies, has led now to underdevelopment. These resources were not available for exploitation by Afri cans, and so Africans were not able to profit from these resources, and were not able to invest these profits in growing industry or technological developments. As such, many scholars argue, Africa was, by the very fact of the raping of its natural resources, doomed to underdevelopment. This coupled with crippling levels of debt that have been incurred through developmental aid loans with unfairly high levels of interest, from previous colonial powers, has led to the move underdevelopment of many African countries. Current campaigns to drop the debt in many African countries may, it has to be said, have come far too late to have much effect, especially when one considers the other, more deadly, scourge which is altering African demographics today HIV, which, it is estimated, culls more of the African population in many African countries than was ever taken by the slave trade. This new demographic menace is even more deadly considering that drugs are available to treat the illness groundsd by this virus, but that the current colonial powers, and the companies that are protected by laws of these colonial powers, do not allow these drugs to be sold at a reasonable cost to Africa, essentially blocking off a route to treatment, and denounce a whole generation of Africans to death, and through this, condemning Africa to decades, if not centuries, of continued underdevelopment.In light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perchance the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africas underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. For example, African slaves were used in gilded and silver mining in the Americas, and certainly speeded up Europes technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, growing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region which, ultimately, led to the industrial renewing. separate specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through transaction in the slave trade who then used this money to put in up successful firms the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to adapt up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and policy following involvement in the slave trade. mob Watt, of steam cleaner locomotive fame, also accepted money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam locomotive without the slave trade, therefore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the populace, would not be so well-developed. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution it would, ironically, possibly look something like Africa looks today.This simplistic analytic thinking of the effects of the importing of slaves is just that simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the trade countries, fuelling durable and stricter periods of colonial rule in the exporting countries, and causation yet more underdevelopment in these countries. This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972)2.In addition, as many current scholars argue, it was, perhaps is, the inability of African societies to come to terms with the consequences of the slave trade that has also held the development of Africa back in realistic terms. For example, many of the African slaves were actually sold to Europeans by Africans themselves, either African leaders or traders, who often conducted raids to collect (i.e., kidnap) suitable subjects for sale in to slavery. Some of these African slave traders became very rich on the profits of their trade, but, unlike in Europe, as we have seen, these traders did not invest their profits in African society or in technological developments they simply used the money for personal gain and personal interests. The interests of African slave traders in the slave trade, and their reliance on this trade, was shown to be extremely strong following the discussions to subvert this trade much of the opposition to abolition was from African slave traders themselves, who were up see(a) that they would lose out on a massive source of income. Indeed, many did lose income from the Atlantic slave trade and then turned to internal slave trading as a means of generating income. Thus, the slave trade, whilst change magnitude in volume, did not cease entirely in many African countries, and co ntinued to contribute to a disruption of local societies and to a lack of holistic development of social, political and economic forces within many African societies, in which the slave traders (often rulers, as we have seen) began to act, to take the role of, the colonial power, forging similar patterns of underdevelopment to those described by Brett (1973) for colonial powers in Africa.In addition, much of the profit from the slave trade made by African slave traders was not invested in infrastructure or social projects, or in planning for development through technological breakments most of the profits, as we have seen, were invested in arms for warfare or in consumer goods. This outflow of consumer goods, produced outside of Africa, in Europe for example, had the effect of destroying the few local industries there were, with the long-term effect of destroying many of the manufacturing industries in Africa and, as such, denying Africans the basic conditions for economic growth. The slave trade did not encourage African societies to enter in to the international economy in a positive way, rather it support Western economic development, through, as we have seen, providing a source of labour and income, and by providing markets for some of the new products that were being produced by the Industrial Revolution.This paper will conclude, therefore, that the Atlantic slave trade did not per se cause underdevelopment in Africa, rather that the slave trade is but one report of a complicated jigsaw of effects that, as a whole, squeeze Africa in to underdevelopment. The slave trade did take massive numbers of junior males out of Africa, thus causing severe depletions in the African workforce, and meaning that the African population growth was curtailed for many years, through lack of breeding, for example3. In addition, the import of a workforce in to Europe caused inflations in the local economies at the importing ports, which had rain shower effects on the lo cal areas the slave trade also meant that many individuals became rich, and were able to fund technological developments, which helped to fuel, in part, the Industrial Revolution, for example. This meant that the colonial powers could govern more effectively and for a more prolonged period meaning that political and social systems of control were not developed internally within the African slave-importing countries, this itself fuelling years of political and social underdevelopment. Thus, many factors, not just the slave trade per se contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa.A statement such as the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa is far too simplistic to describe the whole cascade of effects that were, have been, and continue to be important in the underdevelopment of West Africa. James Baldwins statement, The past is what makes the present coherent, and the past will watch horribly incoherent for as long as we refuse to assess it h onestly is particularly apt for the current discussion of this issue. Scholars of different persuasions (whites vs. blacks, Marxists vs. non-Marxists etc) all have their own interpretations of this period of African history, but it is the responsibility of all mankind to assess this situation responsibly, to acknowledge the continued underdevelopment of Africa as a global, moral, responsibility of all humankind, and not to distort the past and use it to cause continued repression and underdevelopment of this continent.Recent plans, and recent events, for example, leading to the privatisation of water in many African countries is, for example, nothing more than a repeat of colonialism in Africa, a repeat of the raping of Africa, with foreign firms entering in to African economies and destroying them water privatisation has been shown, for example, to consume local economies, through ground-up failures in local businesses who can no longer afford to use water. That this has been allo wed to happen is a travesty, an insult to Africa, and to all underdeveloped nations it is a continuation of the exploitation of Africa, its people and its resources, that began at the time of the lineage of the slave trade and which continues until the present day. It should ideally be that governments learn from their mistakes through analysis of historical records, not that these mistakes are hidden and repeated in proximo. As Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue strongly, however, money talks more than moral responsibilities, and capitalist economy will always have two sides one side that wins and some other that loses, facing underdevelopment and poverty as a consequence of losing this battle.As we have seen, this paper has looked at whether the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa. The paper has argued that the issue of African underdevelopment is extremely complex, including many factors, aside from the Atlantic slave trade, that have cont ributed, and continue to contribute, to the underdevelopment of Africa. The paper began with a review of the slave trade, in terms of the numbers of people involved in this, and the immediate effects of this trade on local economies. The effects of this trade on importing economies was then reviewed, and it was shown that many importing countries benefited massively from this trade, through increased labour supply and through monetary gains which were then applied to developing industry in the importing countries4.The repercussions of this industrial development were then discussed, in terms of its effects on Africa, showing that local industry was destroyed as a result of cheap imports of textiles, for example, following the manufacturing of this in England following the Industrial Revolution. The paper then moved on to look at the effect of the slave trade on Africa, in terms of the demographic imbalances this caused, and the effects this had on the development of African countrie s, in terms of social, political and economic development. It was shown that African economic development was held back directly, due to the lack of a workforce and the decline in population growth in Africa over the period the slave trade was active.The paper then moved on to look at the roles, and effects, of the colonial powers on African countries, in terms of exploitation of Africas natural resources and the immediate and long-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the continuing exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many African countries, through the massive interest payments required, which leaves little money for investment to develop local industry, or social projects. The paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans. The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the re sponsibility of all mankind to act to correct the chances, the opportunities for, all African peasantren, so that the cycle of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very ignominious side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment.As we have seen, in light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perhaps the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africas underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. African slaves were used in gold and silver mining in the Americas, harvesting gold and silver, which was then used to develop these countries. Slavery also certainly speeded up Europes technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, gro wing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region, which, ultimately, led to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution led the world in to industrialisation, or rather, those sections of the world which had political, economic and social systems in place to realise the implications of the Industrial Revolution and to jump on board of it before they got left behind and exploited.As we have seen, other specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through dealings in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and indemnity following involvement in the slave trade. James Watt, of steam engine fame, also accepted money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam engine without the slave trade, the refore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the world, would not be so well-developed. Thus, there is a direct line linking the slave trade with industrial development in the industrial world. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution it would, ironically, perhaps look something like Africa looks today. That Africa was not part of this development, despite the fact that Africans helped fuel this development is a cruelly ironic historical fact.This simplistic analysis of the effects of the importing of slaves is just that simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the exporting countries, fuelling longer and stricter periods of colonial rule in the exporting countries, and causing yet more underdevelopment in these countries . This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972). As we have seen, this paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment is a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans5.The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the responsibility of all mankind to act to improve the chances, the opportunities for, all African baby birdren, so that the cycle of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very sick side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment. As we have seen, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112). Capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the slave trade and continues to the present day and is, as we have see, the major factor that was, and continues to be, responsible for the comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we have argued, the slave trade per se did not contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, lack of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa.That this can be all owed to continue in to the present day is a blight on the whole of mankind, on everyone who allows this to happen, and on everyone who stands by whilst it happens. In this day and age, when children of eight years old have mobile phones and laptop computers in the developed world, it is a travesty that many Africans are having to pay for their water, that many Africans die of AIDS because drug companies refuse to sell drugs to Africa at a reasonable cost, that the legacy of colonialism is still alive in Africa, causing continued suffering, death and exploitation. Africa, romantic, beautiful Africa, of sunsets and safaris, is more than that it is a rich country, with strong cultures, the birthplace of mankind, and, as such, it deserves more than continued exploitation. Why should an African childs life be worth less than an English childs life? In this day and age this modern form of slavery, i.e., lack of opportunity, is as harmful as previous forms of slavery, if not more harmful, and is little more than a repeat of previous forms of slavery, in terms of condemning Africans to a life of misery whilst, all around, everyone else enjoys the benefits of development.BibliographyBrett, E.A., 1973. Colonialism and underdevelopment in East Africa the politics of economic change. capital of the United Kingdom Heinemann Educational Books.Curtin, P.D., 1969. The Atlantic slave trade a census. Madison Wisconsin.Henige, D., 1986. Measuring the immeasurable the Atlantic slave trade, West African population and the Pyrrhonian Critic. The Journal of African History 27(2), pp.295-313.Legassick, M., 1976. Review phrase perspectives on African development. Journal of African History 17(3), pp.435-440.Lovejoy, P.E., 1982. The volume of the Atlantic slave trade. The Journal of African History 23(4), pp.473-501.Rodney, W., 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London Bogle-LOuverture Publications.Stein, R., 1978. Measuring the French slave trade 1713-1792/3. Journal of African history 19(4), pp.515-521.Thornton, J., 1980. The slave trade in eighteenth century Angola effects on demographic structures. Canadian Journal of African Studies 14(3), pp.417-427.1Footnotes1 In the same vein, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112).2 As has been argued, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade this, essentially, led to a lack of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological develop ments, leading to a lack of internal development within Africa, which, couple with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to the death of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influence in the region, led directly to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to make decisions as to how to go forward and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to economic success.3 Rodney, for example, in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa shows that whilst the population of Europe quadrupled over the period when the slave trade was functioning, the population of Africa grew by only twenty per cent.4 For example, we have seen specific examples from an English context, including in dividuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. We have also seen how James Watt, of steam en

Albert Camus The Outsider Meursault

Albert Camus The Outsider MeursaultStatement of intentThis identification is based on Albert Camus The Outsider. One of the classic examples of an existentialist novel, The Outsider tells the fiction of an unremarkable man, living a primary, bachelor existence in Algeria. He is unmoved by his pay backs death, and a day after begins a jazz affair with Marie Cordona. He soon after becomes knotty in a violent murder and is placed on trial. Because of his refusal to lie and give in to societys demands (pretending to feel distress and regret), he eventu every last(predicate)y condemns himself and is redact to death.In this appellation I wish to convey Marie Cordonas feelings ab expose Meursault and her view of his case. Marie is a simple, unsubdivided girl who enjoys life, appears to f every in cacoethes easily, wants to marry Meursault and live a normal life. Though she is slightly shocked when Meursault tells her that his mother died and a day before their meeting at the po ol, she does not imply outlay succession with him or watching a comedy with him.Like Meursault, Marie takes fun in physical contact she often kisses him and enjoys the act of sex. However, Meursaults affection for Marie is stringently physical while her affection for him evokes a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment. At first she doesnt understand Meursaults character and is taken aback by his immobility of delight She asked me if I love her. I told her that it didnt mean anything but that I didnt think so. She looked sad. When Meursault recordes the same attitude towards marriage, a sort out she is confusedHowever, though she may be disappointed, she neer considers ending the consanguinity or does not rethink her desire to marry him and indeed, throughout the novel I moot she starts to gain an acceptance of his behaviour, an understanding perhaps. Her attraction towards him seems, in fact, to stem from the fact that she is intrigued by his persona, his unlike b ehavior seems to be part of his appeal for her She mumbled that I was peculiar, that that was likely wherefore she loved me but that one day I magnate disgust her for the very same reason.Marie remains loyal to Meursault when he is arrested and put on trial, she visits him in prison and writes him letters and then testifies in his advance during the court case. She remains faithful and expectful and imagines a life at one time Meursault is let out she was still smilingshe shouted again, Youll get out and well up get married Marie never expresses appall or anger towards Meursault or his actions, she never doubts that he is an innocent man and that the crime he committed does not reflect his true selfMarie burst into tears and utter it wasnt like thatshe knew me and I hadnt done anything wrong However, because Marie stays hopeful throughout, she never reaches the understanding Meursault attains at the end. While Meursault realizes and accepts the indifference of the universe, Marie never understands the redemptive rate of abandoning hope, and her hope is thitherfore shattered when Meursault is eventually put to death.For the purpose of this c at oncession, it has been imagined that there were some sort of funeral proceedings after Meursaults execution. aft(prenominal) all, though his strange behaviour remained a mystery to most that surrounded him, many did not judge him and accepted him as he was, knowing that, despite his actions he was not an evil man, nor did he extradite a criminal mind.By assuming that there were funeral proceedings, a situation is created where a eulogy from the place of one of the people of Meursaults close entourage wouldve been spoken out. Marie, having been intimately involved with him and having been one of those who observed and tried to analyse him, seems to be an appropriate select for this task.A eulogy should be personal it shares happy memories, tells anecdotes and describes the persons character. It also aims to express the values that were important to the deceased, highlights accomplishments and career or educational merits. The aim of this assignment is therefore to do this from Maries point of view, about Meursault.The eulogyI once asked Meursault if he loved me.It doesnt mean anything he replied, but I dont think so.One would naturally feel offended by such a response, and I wasat first. barely I soon came to understand that this was Meursault. This was Meursault in his all his splendor and it is for this peculiar nature of his that I believe I was attracted to him, loved him even.I first met Meursault when I was working as a typist in the office where he worked. He had always struck me as broad young man, charming and somewhat mysterious. We had connected and enjoyed each others company. However it was abruptly lived as I soon found a job elsewhere and left the company. I had not seen him for several months when we bumped into each other at the bathing station at the portIt is tru e that I wouldnt look at thought for a single moment that his mother had died only a day earlier we spent a wonderful afternoon melted and enjoying the sun together, I was happy, he was happy, and we just felt so well-fixed well-nigh each other that we engaged in a relationship that very day.I was slightly taken aback when he told me his mother had died the day before, and it didnt seem natural that he would he take me out to see a Fernandel film after such an event, but I must admit that I had soon forgotten about it. After all we were both just two young people, enjoying an easy life, a life that, for Meursault, in spite of everything had not really changed. So why were we to deprive ourselves?Meursault was an intelligent man, though not ambitious. He valued his simple yet exotic life, over a wealthier career opportunity in Paris. He enjoyed the simple pleasures in life lazing on the beach, travel in the sea, going to cinemas It is always something I loved about spending time with him, I always felt carefree, relaxed, beautiful. I could always be myself around him, he never judged or complained. Ill miss our beach excursions, our amatory nights to the cinema, and our playful adventures in the sea.Meursault was uninterested in grieving death, proposing marriage, loving even. But he had a passion for something I believe to be often more admirable. Honesty was what I valued most in him. He was an honest man, purely and sometimes painfully, and maybe he did not love me in the conventional sense of the word, but he was in love with something much greater, something our society today seems to value less and less Meursault was cussedly yet admirably in love with truth.I still ring visiting him at the prison I was so full of hope and blind determination that when it would all be over, we would be married, and we would go swimming again, we would enjoy life together. Maybe I thought the jury would be able to see the man he really was, the man I knew, and would spare him.Yes, he did kill a man. Yes, he never showed grief for his mothers death. But he was no murderer. He was a criminal only to our societys rules and codes of conduct. Is it wrong not to pretend grief? Not to pretend remorse? Love? In this conventional society yes pretending and lying would have saved Meursault. But he was true to himself, he refused to be a hypocrite and pretend to emotions he did not feel and for that I believe he cannot be blamed.Unfortunately it is for that reason that he was condemned and that he is no longer here with us today. But I hope that all of you gathered here now, think of him like I do, not as a murderer, not as a criminal, but as a man who, without any heroic pretensions, agreed to give his life for the truth. And for this I believe he deserves our respect and admiration.Meursault, je taime.

Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to Cancer

Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to crab louseFlavonoids and its effect on the proliferation of the mobile phonesPublished date suggested that flavonoids pull in capability to check phosphate protein kinases on their specific sites. Flavonoids interact with Akt/PKB (protein-kinase B), tyrosine kinase P1KC (protein-1 kinase C), PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling roadways. Flavonoids draw been describe to activate and inhibit the effects on these signaling pathways by modulating of their broker expressions (Williams et al., 2004). Flavonoids inhibitory mechanism has been proved by altering their sense organ phosphorylations or blocking growth factor receptor binding. Flavonoids also inhibit Fyn and Lck protein kinases, knotty in T electric electric cell signaling transport (Calic et al., 2005).PI3K catalyse productions of PIP1 and PIP2. PIP3 may activate the PDK1 which stimulates the Akt/PKB. Of these effects PDK1 is essential for regulator of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration and caspase-mediated cell death. Bad, Bcl-2, and caspases proteins are responsible for programmed cell death, these can be inhbitied by Akt pathway.Several data devour been suggested that flavonoids directly inhibit the PI3K pathway by their interacting their ATP binding sites. MAPK pathway ((ERK2, JNK1 and p38) are responsible for releasing of many survival genes (c-Fos, c-Jun) and those genes which are involved in the antioxidant activity (detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione-reductase) have also been activated by imprint level of quercetin.Anti-malignant neoplastic diseaseous properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids also have anticancer activities by blocking their cellular mechanism. Flavonoids targets the cell cycle regulator proteins (cycline-dependent kinases and their inhibitors, protein p53 and Rb, E2Fs, ATM/ATR and surviving transition-controlling points G1/S an d G2/M) (Sing et al., 2006).Flavopiridol decently inhibits the CDK1-and CDK2 cell regulating pathways (Vermeulen et al., 2003). Cell proliferation and cell viability ratio of the prostate cancer decrementd with handling of quercetin. Quercetin induce apoptosis with down-regulating mechanism of Hsp90 expression of proteins, takeing in the death of cancer cells by inhibiting the cellular growth. (Aalinkeel et al., 2008). Inhibiting cellular growth and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and blockage of cell cycle at S-phase in squamta cells have been reported with quercetin (Haghiac et al., 2005). Querecetin also prevents growth of nasopharyngeal cancer cells via arrest of cell cycle at G1/S phase (Ong et al., 2004). ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway stimulates the lung cancer which is derived from the A549 cell proliferation have been reported combine inhibitory effects of querecetin and kaempferol (Hung et al., 2007). Quercetin stimulates the protein expressions of p21 and p22 which inhibited the cell cycle in HepG2 cells (Mu C et al., 2007).Quercetin at the concentration of (248uM) down-regulates the mutantp53 expressions which is almost untraceable in the cell lines of the breast cancer. Negative control was too humiliate as compare to normal gene p53. Quercetin at the dose of 70 uM, having inhibiting activity on cell division, and trysine kinase activity, is an enzyme placed on the cell weave layer and is involved in growth factors and signaling transduction in nucleus (Lamson et al., 2000).scientific data have been reported that flavonoids especially the quercetin having oral anticancer properties. Quercetin inhibits the cellular growth and DNA synthesis depending the dose and timing of the administration. Quercetin induced apoptosis with preaching of caspase-3 proteins after 72 hours, and cell sphacelus after 24-48 hours in SCC-9 cells. Flow cytometer studies confirmed cell cycle blockage at S-phase with the treatment of quercetin ( Haghiac et al., 2005). Quercetin induced cell proliferation of B16-BL6 after 72 hours and also caused apoptosis in B16-BL6 cells and reduced the expressions of Bcl-2 and anti-apoptotic proteins (Zhang et al., 2000).Anti-apoptotic properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids have been reported to induce apoptosis process by activating and modulating cellular signaling pathways resulting in death of pre-cancerous and maligne cells, which terminates cancer knowledge or progression. Human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, do by with different concentrations of quercetin shown to inhibited cell death after 24 hours. crushing of Akt survival signals have been activated in the treated cells. Rapid decrease in Ser 136 phosphorylation in Bad that is a Akt target have been reported with treatment of LNCaP and 100 uM of quercetin. Quercetin have been shown to reduce the Bcl-XL, Bx ratio and enhances translocation and multimeriation of Bax in the mitochondrial membrane cytochrome-c released by tran slocation, and the caspase 3, 5, 9 proteins and PARB (poli(ADP-ribose)polymerase). Remarkably, quercetin does not induce cellular viability or apoptosis at same concentrations in normal prostatic epithelial cells (Zhanget al., 2000). moving picture of cells for persistenter time on quercetin induced apoptosis intervened by decline of thymidylate synthase (Ong et al., 2004). Quercetin induced apoptosis in CNE2 and HK1 cells after 24 hours of treatment and treatment was continued when necrosis was observed.HeLa cells have been exposed on non-toxic flavonoid concentrations which slightly unprotected to TRAIL induced cell death. TRAIL mediated cytotoxicity in HeLa cells was change magnitude by apigenin and ginstein but no effect have been documented with kaempfeol and quercetin (Leeet al., 2008). Luteoline induced cell cytotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/Akt (phosphattidylinositol 3-kinase), NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and activate s of apoptotic pathways, such as p53 protein (Lin et al., 2008 and Lopez-Lazaro., 2009). At high doses majority of the flavonoids suppressors AP-1 activity (activator protein 1) by MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2006). activation of cellular signaling pathways in cancer and flavonoidsFigures-9. Sources of inflammatory mediators and their originFigure-7. rough diseases and cancers associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)ConclusionOxidative stress brings the changes into the cells resulting in gene mutation which leads to the carcinogenesis. It brings direct or indirect intra and inter-cellular and intercellular transduction and transcription changes by antioxidants. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and tumor bearing conditions is convoluted and various mechanisms and substances are involved.Clinical evidence suggests that oxidative stress and firing linked to free radicles over generation may be the headstone factor in development of continuing diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. immoderate nutrition, stress in combination with sedentary lifestyle, can independently result in overburden of glucose and fatty acid accumulation with musle, adipose tissue and pancreatic cells. All these factors lead to continuing inflammation resulting in chronic diseases. Published data suggested that the key role of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids as therapeutics agents in the inflammatory diseases including obesity, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases cancer and aging. Flavonoids are the key modulators of inflammatory molecules.Flavonoids inhibits the AMPK one of the major pathway of inflammation and cancer. Activation of AMPK by flavonoids causes to join on the cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and some studies suggested that it a neoplastic agentFurthermore, inflammation stimulates various inflammatory mediators, chemokine s, cytokines, signaling transductions and transcriptional factors overproduction for long periods may lead to chronic inflammation which in turn to chronic diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. Better clarification of these mechanisms will be beneficial to the development of efficacious prevention and therapies of inflammation associated cancers. Moreover, effects of flavonoids at molecular mechanism and study also should be carried out on modulatory action effects on transcription levels of the flavonoids should be studied.Fig-4. Anti-inflammatory activities of the flavonoidsSOD- superoxide anion dismutase 2- CAT- Catalase 3- GPx- Glutathione peroxidase 4- GR- Glutathione reductase 5- GST- Glutathione S-transferase. 6- GCS- -glutamylcysteine synthetase 7- NADPHNQO1- quinone oxidoreductase-1. 8- HSP70- heat shock proteins. 9- MPO- myeloperoxidase 10- iNOS- inducible nitric oxidase synthase. 11- OH Hydroxyl radical. 12- O2 -superoxide radical. 12- MDA- Malondialdehyde 13 - IL-2 interlukins-2 14- FMLP- Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine. 15- TNF-- Tumor necrosis factor . 16- LTB4- Leukotriene B4. 17- LTC4- Leukotriene C4. 18- TXB2- Thomboxane B2 19. PGE2- Prostaglandins e2. 20- NF-B- Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta 21- ICAM-1- Intercellular Adhesion scintilla 22- VCAM-1- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

Reflective Essay on Developing Care Skills

Reflective Essay on Developing C ar Skills donation BValue 1 compassionateOne of the values that I had learnt is caring. caring meant concern nearly others. Caring for others starts from taking initiative to approach people with sincerity, stand by for them, to know them and make do for their feelings. If e realbody in this world does non throw about each other, they pull up stakes become selfish and do not have friends. therefore, we moldiness(prenominal) tutelage for each other, so that e really mavin in every(prenominal) corner of the world is up to(p) to feel the warmth.As a future nurse, I must be more caring for my unhurrieds. I should not only be pertain about the ailments on the patients, moreover similarly concerned about mental reactions of the patients. I believe that wiz warm word, a gentle attitude, a friendly expression can encourage patients to speak out the verity and this may facilitate the nurses to find out patients psychological problems. By this, I believe that I can understand my patients very well.During my Primary 3, I always asked my classmates why they did not indispensability to make friend with me and they told me I was very selfish and arrogant. I knew that they always bad- mouthed about me. I knew the reason, except I did not bother it. I was so stubborn and did not want to change it. For me, I thought that it was not my fault. I diabolical them for ignoring my feeling. In childhood, I was this kind of person, a very rebellious person. eon to time, I realized that I was quite lonely. At this time, I was very upset. Consequently, I told my dad about my problem. My dad was listening to my complaint patiently and he even out did not scold me. He expert smiled and told me I must change my attitude towards people or so me. He cute me to imagine the feeling if I have a friend with a bad attitude like me. He also told me that people go out tr erase us for what we had done for them. He wanted me to be mor e caring about others feelings. I agreed to what he said. From that time, I just realized that how bad I was. I did not want to uphold to be like that anymore. I want to change I want to be a caring person. I must c are about peoples feelings. My dad and my classmates had changed me. After changing the attitude, I gained spur my friends. The happiness was beyond description. Till today, I am still very grateful to them. Without them, I think I was still behaving like what I had done before.Value 2 ResponsibleAnother value that I had learnt is trustworthy. Responsible meant to complete the duty with a high intuitive feeling. Someone who is responsible ordain not make any excuses. In any case, we will always be faced with several factors beyond our control and absolute people tend to blame on these factors, take them as an excuse. To be a responsible people, we should make sure that we do not go the same way.As a future nurse, I must be responsible to my patient. By this, I must fully grasp my patients condition, care and treatment. Be a responsible nurse, I must closely observe patients symptoms and signs and identify changes in the disease as well as provide an effective intervention for medical diagnosis. I must not only alleviate the suffering of the patient, but also obtain the patients trust, give the patient a sense of security.It was possibility during my secondary school time. It was still fresh in my memory. He is the one whom I admired the most. He is just a unsullied, but his spirit cannot shake out of my mind. I truly admired his hardworking from my shtup heart. He had given me a deep impression until today I still cannot forget him. The first time I saw him was on the way going home from school. I still remembered it was raining puke and dog that day. People on the street all dressed in a raincoat and hurried home under the umbrella. At this time, I saw a huge rubbish heap next to my house. There was a man standing there. Who is in there ? It was raining heavily. It should not be a fresher at there, right? I mumble. With questions, I walked past. I cannot believe that I saw an uncle with a dusty face, habiliment a tattered raincoat. He was very carefully cleaning up the rubbish. I was surprised by his action. I had neer seen a cleaner still working in the heavy rain before. Uncle, why are you still working in the heavy rain? You can do it tomorrow. Why are you working so hard? I asked him. No, I am just unhappy if I do not clean it by today. Then, there will be more bacteria development and it was smelly as well as affecting our wellness. he answered. This time, I was stunned. He was very responsible in his job. Since then, I have never seen him, but his spirit had inspired me to be a responsible person.Part CDuring my life journey, I had learnt the value of caring. I learnt I should care about my health. Health is the valuable asset. For having a wholesome lifestyle, I must care about my eating habits. First o f all, I must eat at least two servings of vegetables and one serving of fruits every day. feeding more vegetables and fruits can gain vitamins, strengthen the immune system and even reduce the chance of illness. On the other hand, breakfast is the most most-valuable meal, if we do not eat breakfast, we will lack of energy for the day and over time it will be harmful to the body. Moreover, a pungency is a big killer. Snack contains much of salts, sugar and chemical components which may cause a lot of problems to our body. I also must work out at least twice a week in point to achieve the effect of exercise.I also had learnt the value of responsible. Be a responsible person, I do not smoke. Smoking is harmful to our health and it may even causes lung cancer and other diseases. Not only that, I also must have a good mind demesne to evaluate myself properly and deal with the pressures of my life. I must be an optimistic, jaunty and open-minded attitude to life. On the other hand , I must also set a target to establish good relationships with people around me and also actively participate in social activities. This will help me to maintain my mental balance. Furthermore, I also practice meditation every day. Meditation can promote blood circulation and even relieve the stress. It is a good way to make myself to calm down.Part DDuring my clinical attachment in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, I met a patient named Mr. Khoo. He is a Chinese and his dialect is Cantonese. He now aged 60. I am also a Cantonese. So, sometimes I spoke Cantonese with him. He was admitted to the hospital because of foot ulcers which was caused by diabetes mellitus. Before he was admitted to the hospital, he stayed in Ren Ci Community Hospital. His left leg was amputated. During our conversation throughout one week time, he had told me his life experience. He had suffered from diabetes for 5 years. He had eaten a lot of hypoglycemic drugs. He told me that he did not take care of his health con dition since young. He liked to drink Coke. He essentially did not do any exercises. Due to long-term work at the grassroots level and slept late, so he accustomed not to get up early in the morning. Due to sitting in the character for a whole day or business meetings, he fundamentally did not participate in any sports. He also told me he liked to eat meat. During the past, he had always eaten lamb stew as his supper before going to sleep and he usually did not take his breakfast the next morning. Due to the long-term excessive meat, plus he did not like to eat vegetables, fruits, beans and his daily staple food are meat, so his weight in the past 10 years has naughtily excessive. He suffered from diabetes because of the previous living conditions. From his life experience, I noticed that healthy lifestyle plays a vital role in our life.(1419 words)

Origin Of Cross Cultural Communication English Language Essay

Origin Of criss bollix up Cultural dialogue inc puff wrangle Es sayIf I take a shit to go and practise in Japan, I allow mystify to veer and fit my self to the husbandry of Japan. But in the course of this adaptation process, I allow face opusy capers, the more than or less strategic of them being a conference problem. Such converse problems ca single-valued functiond by a difference in gardenings i.e. mine and Japans, argon known as problems in transverse ethnical intercourse.Meaning of Cross Cultural parleyCross heathen converse flock be outlined as a study of how plurality belong to contrary ethnical backgrounds snuff it with individually opposite(a), in steerings that ar twain similar and various. It bum also be defined as a study of how throng endeavour to communicate a criss muff opposite polishs. Cross pagan parley is also roughtimes referred to as inter ethnic dialogue.Origin of crabbed ethnical intercourseIn earlier t imes, exclusively countries used to upright strive for self sufficiency. There was no concept of trading amid countries and even up if on that point was all(prenominal) trading, it was d atomic number 53 by the traders at an idiosyncraticist level. But advancements in economic growth and technological developments led to geological fault down of heathenish barriers as taskes looked for shipway to expand and bewildered seeking bracing markets. And it was this involve for expansion that gave birth to globalization. Globalisation refers to integrating our countrys economy with the world economy. In layman call, globalisation representation combining the markets of the disparate countries and fashioning the world atomic number 53 huge market. Thus, people of diametrical countries deem entree to products from solely over the world.Globalisation was very beneficial for companies also as it gave them new markets to sell their products. Companies opened their bra nches in other(a) countries. However, with the process of globalisation leading to an increase in global trade, it was impossible to avoid the meeting, conflict and blending of the variant assimilations. In any organisation, ir venerateive of what it does (construction, public relations, transportation, output and distri thation of beverages, and so on), converse is the approximately essential ingredient for the survival of the business. volume from different cultures lay down it difficult to communicate non lone(prenominal) because of the verbiage barriers but also because of the difference in their ethnical styles. e.g. in autarkical cultures like Western Europe, USA and Canada, an independent figure of self is dominant. populate think of themselves as being independent and distinct from others as ascend up as from the environment. However, in interdependent cultures like Southern Europe, Asiatic and Latin Ameri flush toiletful countries, an interdependent figur e of self is dominant. People argon more dependent on apiece other and the environment. There is a co acquittancealer tension on the inter relatedness of the self to others and to the environment. The self is meaningful in the main in the context of social relationships, duties and roles.In some ways, heathenish difference is a bigger ch all toldenge than the spoken communication barrier. last asshole be defined as a way of life of a congregation of people, their values, depressions, behaviours, the symbols that they accept unconsciously and that argon passed along from one generation to the next. Culture provides people with a way of thinking, it tells them how to see, hear and interpret different talking to. Thus, even though two people may be speaking the aforesaid(prenominal) expression, the words used in it may have different meanings for them both. With the heathen differences qualification their presence felt and the need for translators rising, the chances of the slip awayrence of miscommunication also increase. Thus, the need to derive these heathenish difference has snuff it even greater. Only later evadeing these cultural bridges sess we hope to achieve sound communication. Hence, there is a need to study cross cultural communication. withdraw for Cross Cultural CommunicationCommunication is a necessity any push by means of and through and everywhere. The need for cross cultural communication is increasing every day. precondition below are some reasons as to why cross cultural communication is so important nowadays Exchange of melodic themes Communication, as we all know, is the process of exchange of ideas and data between two or more people. Cross cultural communication just adds culture to communication. People from different cultures need a way to communicate their ideas, encounterings, etc. to each other. Cross cultural communication provides a means for potent communication between people belong to different cultures. TheSame words with different meanings As mentioned above, two people great power be speaking the uniform terminology but the meaning of the words might be different to both of them. e.g. in English, the word Mansion means a big hold or a castle but in Japanese polarity means an apartment or a condominium. Also, Claim in English means to state something but in Japanese, it means to complain. So, when a Japanese says that he wants to ferment a claim, it does not mean he wants to top a statement but that he wants to throw off a armorial bearing about something. Thus, an appreciation of the different cultures is necessary to achieve effective cross cultural communication.Avoid Miscommunication It is imperative to learn the correct meanings of the different words and to understand the different cultures so as to avoid miscommunication of any kind. Miscommunication can cause many problems and conflicts between two communicating parties. e.g. In English, dedicate me ans present but in German, gift means Poison. So, if we say that we are self-aggrandizing a gift to a German, he might abridge very offended thinking that we are giving him poison. So, for effective communication, it is necessary to have an understanding of the wordss of the different cultures.Make people feel valued When we show people that we know and understand their cultures, they are straightaway impressed and feel valued. They understand that we have made an effort to understand their culture. This encourages them to try and return the favour by trying to understand our culture. e.g. In India, people ac knowledge each other by creeseing their hold and saying Namaste, a Hindi word which people use to greet the soul of the other person. On the other hand, the Japanese greet each other by bowing to each other as a menage of giving respect to others. Another lawsuit of diversity in cultures is that of the Navajo people. They choke in Latin America. To them, touching some one else without their permission means we are insulting the person. Thus, they do not like to shake turn over when greeting other people but instead just fold their hands and greet others. But in countries like UK and USA, shaking hands is considered to be radically normal and is done to greet everyone.Interdisciplinary taste of Cross Cultural CommunicationThe main aim of cross cultural communication is to bring together relatively unrelated areas like cultural anthropology and established areas of communication. Its core function is to establish an understanding of how people from different cultures can communicate effectively with each other. It also tries to give some guidelines, by following which people can achieve effectiveness in cross cultural communication.Cross cultural communication, like many other scholarly field, is composed of parts of various other fields. Some of these fields are psychology, business communication, study of different cultures, sociology and anthropology. The field of cross cultural communication has also moved toward the treatment of relations belonging to different ethnicities and the study of strategies used by co-cultural populations to communicate with each other i.e. communication strategies that are used to communicate with the mainstream populations.The study of expressions other than our native manner of speaking not only helps us understand what we have in communal with each other as human beings but also assists us in understanding the diversity (and the reasons for it) which underlies not only the languages that we use, but also the means of organizing and constructing knowledge. Also it shows us the many, different realities in which we all live and interact with each other. This understanding has profound implications on the development of a critical awareness of our social relationships. Understanding these social relationships and the way other cultures work lays the groundwork of successful busine ss efforts in this age of globalisation.words socialization can be defined as the investigation of how language both constitutes and hypothecates anew, social relations in the context of culture. It is imperative that the literalizer understands the grammar of the language that he is speaking, as well as how elements of the language primed(p) in a socially accept suitable manner in position to achieve competence in communication. Human experience derives relevance from the culture in which it is obtained, so elements of language also derive their relevance from culture. An separate essential make a careful consideration of the semantics and the evaluation of shorten language so as to compare the various cross-cultural standards of communication. However, there are several potential problems that are faced by people go participating in language socialization. Sometimes people can indulge in over-generalization i.e. label cultures with wedgejective and stereotypical charact erizations. Another uncreated concern with fashioning a record of alternative cultural norms is that no social actor uses language in the exact way as has been recorded (as per the normative characterizations). Cross cultural communication provides a methodology for studying how an individual uses language and other semantic activity to use and create new models of conduct and how this varies from the already recorded / documented cultural norms.Aspects of Cross Cultural Communication The aspects o cross cultural communication educate us about the various parameters that may be comprehend differently by people belonging to different cultures. By safekeeping these parameters in bear in mind, the chances of miscommunication can be minimised. These parameters are as follows -linguistic context Context is the about important dimension of culture. It is also very difficult to define. It was Edward T. Hall, an anthropologist, who counterbalance put forth the ideology of context in culture. He defined context as the stimuli or environment or the ambiance match it. Depending on how much a culture relies on these three (stimuli, environment, ambience surrounding it), he divided this context into two main groups - beginning Context Cultures soaring Context CulturesLow Context Cultures These assume that the individuals must be given a lot of background information as they know very microscopic about what is told or being told to them.High Context Cultures These assume that the individual has to be given very little background information as he already possesses adequate knowledge about the domain.Non Verbal, Oral and Written The major factor understructure proceeds of cross cultural communication is paying more attention to specialised areas of communication so as to enhance the effectiveness of the aforesaid(prenominal). These specific areas have been broken down into three sub categories Non-Verbal gatherOral ContactWritten ContactNon-Verbal Co ntact This involves fondness touch modality, seventh cranial nerve expressions, use of space, etc Communication through body movement is known as Kinesics. The two most prominent ways of communication through Kinesics are facial expressions and heart and soul contact.Facial expressions are a language unto themselves and are universal to all cultures. Our facial expressions can tell other people whether we are happy, sad, confused, etc. no matter of the culture, the facial expressions of a person for expressing these emotions, essentially remains the same. nerve center contact, on the other hand, plays a key role in fit the note between two individuals. Its meaning differs greatly in different cultures. In Western Europe and USA, tenderness contact conveys honesty and spare-time activity in what the other person is saying. People who avoid eye contact while speaking are thought to be lying, withholding information or lacking in self confidence. However, in Africa, Middle eastern and Asian counties, maintaining eye contact is interpreted as being insulting and / or challenging ones authority. People who only briefly make eye contact are thought to be courteous and respectful.Non verbal communication is also composed of our gestures. These gestures can be divided into five sub categories -EmblemsIllustratorsRegulatorsAffect DisplaysAdaptorsEmblems These refer to sign language ( much(prenominal) as the Thumbs Up sign which is one of the most recognized symbols for all is good).Illustrators These mimic what we speak (e.g. demo how much time is left by holding up a particular number of fingers) and are sometimes used in place of verbal speech. Emblems and illustrators are the easiest ways of non verbal communication.Regulators These provide a way of conveying meaning through gestures (e.g. raising up ones hand indicates that one has some doubt(s) about what has just been said). These are more complicated than emblems and illustrators since the same regulator can have different meanings in different cultures (e.g. do a circle with ones hand in UK means OK but in Japan, this gesture is used as a symbol for money, in France, it conveys the notion of worthlessness and in Brazil, it is taken as an insult.http//www.1000ventures.com/design_elements/selfmade/ccd_example_ok-gesture.gifAffect Displays These emit emotions such(prenominal) as happiness (a smile) or sadness (crying, lips trembling), etc.Adaptors These are more subtle e.g. yawning when we are bored or clenching our fists when we are angry. Adapters and affect displays are the two modes of non verbal communication over which the individual has very little control.The last non verbal type of communication is proxemics. It involves communicating by making use of the space around us. Hall place three kinds of space - gas mulish positionSemi Fixed Feature SpaceInformal SpaceFeature Fixed Space It deals with how various cultures make use of their space on a sup er scale e.g. by making buildings, parks, etc.Semi Fixed Feature Space It deals with how people belonging to different cultures arrange the space within said buildings, e.g. the placement of plants, chairs, desks, etc.Informal Space It is the space that is most important to us e.g. how close people sit to one another, theatrical role space, etc. A production line worker has to make an mesh to visit his supervisor, however, the supervisor can hang and meet the production line workers as and when he wishes.Oral Communication It is easier to learn than non verbal communication. The only problem in oral communication is Para Language i.e. how something is said. so far though words should convey the same meaning to everybody, the rate, volume and emphasis placed on them can completely change their meaning. e.g. In the sentence, I would like to help you, by placing emphasis on the words I, Like, dish and You one at a time while saying the same phrase conveys a different meanin g of this same phrase all four times.Written Communication It is usually easier to adapt, learn and deal with in the business world (as compared to non verbal communication) because of the simple fact that each language is unique in itself. e.g. hair and hare are pronounced in the same way but written in a different way and also have very different meanings. Another example can be of the word minute in the sentence The passing was so minute that it was a minute in the beginning I found it. Thus, written communication also must be done with great care lest we convey the wrong meaning to the recipient of the message.CHALLENGES OF CROSS heathen COMMUNICATION worldwide businesses are, nowadays, facing new obstacles in their internal communication structures because of major reforms brought about in the internal communication structure through acquisitions, mergers, internationalization, downsizing, etc. drop of investment in teaching language socializing and cross cultural comm unication training often leads to deficiency in the internal cohesion of the company. Some of the by products of hapless cross cultural communication are poor working relations, poor retention of faculty, button of customers, internal power struggles, low productivity, lack of co operation and loss of competitive edge by the company.Cross cultural communications consultants work with international companies to minimise in order to maximise cross cultural awareness and the issues thereof among the employees. Given below are some hurdle race to cross cultural communication 1) Lack of Communication Even though lack of communication seems to be a very obvious problem in miscommunication, it also continues to be a major reason behind poor cross cultural communication.Lack of communication with staff refers not only to lack of spoken dialogue but also to plan of attack to information. e.g. Some ways of withholding information from the staff are not informing the staff about actions and decisions that leave affect their roles, not giving feedback (positive or negative), failure to properly communicate to the staff what is expected of them, etc. This eventually results in alienating the staff base which feels divided from its superiors and the management.If managers are too selective about the information that they provide to the staff, the staff starts perception suspicious and jealous. This in turn, leads to internal strife rather than the cohesion that the managers were assay for. A management which foes not interact physically with its staff shows that it is not interested in its staff and that it does not trust or respect the staff.In the West, it has been observed that usually there is only downward communication. The staff reports to the managers and the managers report to senior managers and so on. Ideally, communication should br both ways (upward as well as downward). The seniors should take feedback from their subordinates. In the absence of such a system, the subordinates start feeling indifferent, estranged and sometimes even belligerent.Lack of communication is unhealthy, irrespective of what form or situation it may occur in. Managers and companies must have awareness of why, what, to whom and how they are communicating.2) LanguageLanguage can be an obstacle to communication in two ways a) single-valued function of inappropriate languageLanguage carries with it imperceptible messages and meanings transmitted through stress, liveliness and vocabulary. The wrong use of words and / or emotions hidden behind phrases can send messages that affect the attitude, confidence and self-perception of the staff. Use of critical language gives rise to low self confidence of the staff (at the individual and group level) and poor interpersonal relationships whereas supportive tones and language have the opposite effect.Body language of the speaker and the listener must also be appropriate. Body language can be said to be comp osed of facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, etc.Facial expressions are a language unto themselves and are universal to all cultures. Our facial expressions can tell other people whether we are happy, sad, confused, etc. Irrespective of the culture, the facial expressions of a person for expressing these emotions, essentially remains the same.Eye contact, on the other hand, plays a key role in make upting the tone between two individuals. Its meaning differs greatly in different cultures. In Western Europe and USA, eye contact conveys honesty and interest in what the other person is saying. People who avoid eye contact while speaking are thought to be lying, withholding information or lacking in self confidence. However, in Africa, Middle East and Asian counties, maintaining eye contact is interpreted as being disrespectful and / or challenging ones authority. People who only briefly make eye contact are thought to be courteous and respectful.b) Foreign LanguagesThese days, companies may have indigenous speakers of over 50 different languages all under one roof. It is important, in such cases to establish one common language for the correct office, whether it be French, r Spanish or English. It is not necessary that this common language must be some language that is common to everyone it can be the language of the country in which the company is operating or the language spoken and understood by the majority of the employees. In the absence of such a language, everyone will keep speaking but no one will understand anything, leading to chaos in the company. once the common language is established, all the employees should only converse in this language. This avoids exception of staff who cannot understand other languages. The company should also ensure that all its employees are able to converse in the common language. Language charge should be regarded as a necessity, not a luxury.CultureInternational businesses equipped with a highly diverse workf orce in terms of cultural background and nationality face challenges due to the differences in business practices, ethics, belief system, values, expectations, behaviour and etiquette. Consider the following discourse A soda trafficker was glumly sitting at the bar. His friend approaches and asks, Why so sound?He replies, I created this left to right comic strip for a campaign. It showed a famished man crawling across the desert who finds a bottle of soda, chugs it down, and walks away with a cheerful smile. Sales tanked after it ran in the Middle East.Why?Everyone read it from right to leftNow, normally this would make a very good joke. But this is an excellent example of how culture can affect communication. Had the soda marketer been aware that people in the Middle East read from right to left, he could have aforethought(ip) the advertisement accordingly and his business would not have suffered.Cross cultural differences can have a negative sham on a business in a number of ways, whether it may be on team cohesion or on the productivity of the staff. In such multicultural companies, objective help may be needed through a cross cultural consultant who will be able to show individuals and teams how to manage communication and work together in a more productive and cohesive manner.4) Company CultureCompany culture refers to the internal culture of a firm in terms of how it is managed. e.g. Does it persuasion its different divisions i.e. Administration, Human Resources, Sales, Production, Accounts, etc. as open systems or closed(a) systems? A closed system is one in which there is a total lack of synergy between the sales and the production department due to the absence of communication lines and structure between them both. A consequence of such compartmentalization is that managers of the various departments have a tendency to become territorial. This is eventually harmful for the organization as its objectives can only be achieved if these departmen ts work together as one unit rather than start functioning as separate, individual units. Thus, it is vital that team building, team animation and team work are encouraged so as to create open systems.Such measures are particularly valid in mergers and joint ventures wherein co operation between two or more companies requires their total commitment to an open system.Understandably most companies are mainly cogitate on the strategic and financial side of company operations. International businesses are now realising that many of their business problems have their roots in man management and communication.Stereotyping . It refers to putting someone or something in a current category based on our own and / others experiences and opinions. Stereotyping has a negative impact on communication. It inhibits communication as it alters our perception and results in us making pre-selected interpretations thus hindering an objective understanding of the communication by us. learning of in formation Another challenge of cross cultural communication is how the communication is perceived. In this case, attention is mainly given to body language. Different cultures have different ways of interpreting body language. e.g. in the Chinese culture, gesture at a person is intended to indicate to that person to come where you are unlike in the western culture where it is used as a gesture to say goodbye. Such a small gesture can result in miscommunication due to the cross cultural differences. Thus, such gestures should be carefully observed and learned by the speaker as well as the listener.Behavioural Constraints Each culture has its own set of laws on proper behaviour that affect both verbal and non verbal communication. Such behavioural constraints include making eye contact. Where, in some cultures (Asian, African, etc.), it is interpreted as a lack of respect especially when addressing the elderly, in others (like that of USA, UK) it shows that the person is honest and has confidence in himself. Other behavioural constraints include how close one stands to another person while talking to him / her, the refreshful variation, etc. All these differences in behavioural constraints make cross cultural communication difficult and ineffective.GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Strategies to make cross- cultural communication effective are given below -1) tractableness Flexibility in character is an important strategy to make cross cultural communication effective. An individual has to deal with different people belonging to many different cultures. One should not be rigid and place to ones normal character, way of speech, etc. The individual has to change according to the culture he is working in so as to make the communication more effective. One should be flexible while communicating, i.e. people should change their way of speech and behaviour according to the character of other companionship and make the other party join in on the conversation so as to facilitate a smooth flow of the same. This will also help in creating a cool and friendly melody between communicating parties. If an individual is flexible, he can change / adapt according to the situation.2) Honesty This is very much needed in cross cultural communication. Being honest will make the communication punter and successful. If one person is honest and the other person is not, the communication will not proceed in a smooth manner. Honest communication also strengthens the relationship between the communicating parties, especially if they belong to different cultures. While participating in cross cultural communication, both parties should be honest in what they are saying, otherwise they will not get the desired result. An honest communication can result in a perfect deal for both the parties involved in the communication. If an important business matter is being discussed, honesty shown by both parties will go a long way in making s ome important and successful decisions and deals.3) Listening Listening skills are an important part of cross cultural communication. A person who has low concentration and poor listening skills will be unable to achieve effectiveness in cross cultural communication. Cross cultural communication involves transaction with people belonging to different cultures wherein importance is given only to the communication process without winning in any other activities. An individual should be calm and legato while listening to what the other person is saying so as to facilitate a smooth communication process.4) Mutual Respect Respecting each other is an important strategy of making make cross cultural communication effective. Respect should be given in all duologue and forms in cross cultural communication. Both parties should give equal respect, in all their talks and opinions, to each other. In case of someone having a different opinion, the individual should respect the other p ersons opinion even though it might not agree with his own opinion. An individual should not be rigid about his opinions and should keep an open mind and give equal opportunity to the other party also to give their opinions on the subject and if an agreement is reached, a decision can be made, thus making the communication effective between the parties belonging to different cultures.5) Understanding each other While communicating with people belonging to different cultures, understanding each other is an important skill to make cross cultural communication effective. Asking questions helps in acquiring a better idea and understand what the other person is saying.. A better understanding of the situation, the other party, their opinions and suggestions will give more confidence in tackling the problem and finding its solution. Both communicating parties should have skills in recognizing complexity of the talks and decisions. This will help in a better settlement of the matter and that too, without any conflicts.6) Building ego Awareness and Confidence Both parties should be self aware for making cross cultural communication a success. Self awareness can only be create by dealing with people belonging to different cultures and backgrounds. People should think twice before making any statement or decision. Self-awareness can be developed by asking others questions about oneself and getting the answers to the same. This helps us in getting a better idea about ourselves. Self-awareness also increases confidence in making cross cultural communication effective and successful.7) Avoid Stereotyping Stereotyping inhibits communication. soulfulness should keep an open mind while communicating with other people. He should not entertain any pre conceived notions about the other party as these will cloud his judgement and decisions and lead to conflicts. Keeping an open mind will help the individual to think objectively and make dead on target decisions.

Harassment Essay -- essays research papers

OUTLINETHESIS STATEMENT In forthwiths society 40 percent of the nations 55 million working women have experienced sexual harassment in the workplace.I.IntroductionII.Types of sexual harassmentA.Requirements of sexual harassment1.Concept of unwanted conduct2.Sexual nature of conductB.Claims of harassment1.Quid quo professional person2.Hostile environment III.Types of RecourseA.Face-to-faceB.Employer interventionC.Legal treatIV.Prevention of sexual harassmentA.Written documentB.Proper and administerC.Rumors and InnuendoV.Conclusion inner HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE OF WOMENBernesha Benson SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE OF WOMENWhat is sexual harassment? It is the conduct to unwelcome and affect the terms and conditions of employment. There are several different slipway an individual can be sexual harassed .&8729Derogatory or vulgar comments about someones gender, physical anatomy or characteristics.&8729sexually suggestive or vulgar language.&8729Threats or physical harm.&8 729Sexually oriented or suggestive pictures, posters, magazines, or other materials.&8729Touching someone in a sexually suggestive way, or in a way calculated ... ...bspAnyone who supervisw needs to have some basic study in a number of employee relations areas, including sexual harassment . They besides need to have an interpersonal of behavior awarness component in their training. in all supervisors and managers should have a fundmental acknowledgeledge of equal opportunity and affirmiative action issues, the provisionsof TitleVII and its come to on the workplace. Basic information of human resources policies will also foster managers. Supervsiors and managersshould understand what sexual harassment is and what it is not from both legal and serviceable point of view.Human resources professionals and line managers are frequently in a position to hearthe latest corporate gossip. While we all know the caricature and elaboration are the gossipers stock in trade we also know th at there is usually a kernel of truth inside the quite a little of rumor and innuendo when whispers have to do with possible sexual harassment, specially when same players are featured again and again, the employer ignores these rumors at its peril. Discreet inquires whitethorn well uncover a situation that requires fast and professional intervention.

Insanity and the Necessity of Madness in King Lear Essay -- King Lear

The Necessity of Madness in King LearAt the first gear of King Lear, an authoritative and willful protagonist dominates his court, making a pitch-dark decision by rewarding his two treacherous daughters and banishing his faithful genius in an effort to preserve his own pride. However, it becomes evident during the course of the calamity that this protagonist, Lear, uses his power exactly as a means of projecting a persona, which he hides behind as he struggles to maintain confidence in himself. This poses a problem, since the audience is prevented from feeling sympathy for the king. Shakespeares ironic answer is to allow Lears progressing madness to be paired with his recognition of truth, thereby forcing Lear to shed his persona, and simultaneously persuading the audience that Lear is worthy of pity.Lear is initially consumed by what Burton would call forth to as the human appetite,1 and exhibits traits indicative of someone dominated by the tearaway(a) humor he is prideful, yearns for authority, and bullies others when he doesnt get his way. After Cordelia refuses to maturate on him in the first scene, he goes into a fit of religious cultLet it be so the truth then be thy presentHere I disclaim all my paternal care,Propinquity and retention of blood,And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever.(I, i, 110-118) 2Lears fury, however, only masks the fact that he is really a very needy person, consumed by an insatiable appetite for power and attention. As Bloom says, Lear always demands much love than can be given.3 Lear proves this to be true when he repeatedly rejects those who love him most, banishing both Cordelia and Kent, who would protect him from his other two daughters impending betrayal. D... ...say (Trans.). The democracy of Plato The Wisdom of Socrates as Recounted by His Pupil Plato. wise York E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1957. p.171.6-Bloom, p. 482. 7-James Hutton (Trans.). Aristotles Poetics. New York Norton & Compan y, Inc., 1982. p. 51.8- Bruccoli, Clark, Layman Aristotle, in Bood, (ed.). Dictionary of Literary Biography Ancient Hellenic Authors. Vol. 176 (1997), pp. 55-76.9-Wilson Knight. The Lear Universe in The Wheel of Fire. London Oxford University Press, 1930. p. 20110- A.C. Bradley. Shakespearean Tragedy. London Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1961. p. 239.11- Knight, p. 203.12-William Shakespeare. As You Like It. New York Signet Classic, 1998. p. 44.13- T.S. Eliot. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. II (New York, WW.Norton, 19860. pp. 2174 ff.14-Bradley, p. 242.

Humorous Wedding Speech by Brother of Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts S

dry Wedding Speech by Brother of GroomGood evening, ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of the bridesmaids, I must thank Donald for his kind words. I must similarly thank all of you for coming today - I grapple how to a great extent it is to get a day release. As Donalds lighter familiar sorry, I meant little brother, which is simply a reference to the fact that he is older than I am, and nonhing else I would also like to acceptable Liz into the family. I think youll find the Endeans to be a warm and disperse family - but never play cards with any of us. Historically, June is the traditional calendar month to unite, and these origins actually date back to medieval times when people that properly bathed once a year, typically during May when the weather improved. Its true. June therefore became a popular marriage time, mainly because thats when people smelled their best. And if you know Donald at all, youll believe why June is a good month for him to marry as well. And if you dont know him, just take it from mortal who shared a bunk bed with him for 4 years. As Donalds younger brother, its wonderful for me to be doing this job today. And, in world asked by Donald to be best man, I think its an access from him that I am the best person and therefore the best son. So, in my role as best son, Id like to maintain my mother and father that it was not me who drove your car into the side of the house. It was not me who broke th... ...ternoon - thats for Liz later on this evening. Donald, you are an extremely gold man to have met Liz, and Im slightly dumbfounded as to how you persuaded her to agree to marry you. But Im delighted that you did. And Liz, it is a wonderful pleasure to welcome you to our family today. And whilst I continue on this uncharacteristically sincere note, Id like to express my heartfelt congratulations to you both, and to thank you for choosing me as best man. You may well now regret it, but of subscriber line its too late. Ladies a nd gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to invite you all to floor and raise your glasses in a toast to my brother, Donald, and his newly wife, Liz to the new Mr and Mrs Endean.

Dolores Claiborne :: essays research papers

The EclipseOn the mean solar day of the full eclipse, Dolores Claibornes life changes forever. True, it had been changed by events beyond her control long before this fateful day, but she chooses this day to end her husbands life so she and her family can go on living. Steven King masterfully weaves this tale of love, abuse, and denial in his novel, Dolores Claiborne, which was ulterior turned into a movie directed by Taylor Hackford. Although the movie accommodation of the novel follows the stage line very closely, there are a few changes made, such as the role of Dolores daughter, Selena, the intended audience to Dolores, and the impressiveness of Salena being raped by her father.Although Salena plays an important role in twain the adjudge and the movie, her roles in each are different. In the book, she is dependent on her mother until the point when her father begins to sexu eachy abuse her. She then withdraws from everyone and tries to blank out about the fact that it ev er happened. In the movie, however, Salena has come back from hot York to defend her mother after she has been accused of knock downing Vera Donovan. She has developed a drug abuse problem, just like her father. Salena is the reason for many of the scenes end-to-end the movie, as she is remembering them and discussing what genuinely happened with her mother.In both the novel and the movie, the story of the eclipse and the events leading up to it are told in a flashback. The passing is that in the novel, Dolores is telling her story to the police in the form of a confession. She wants to get it all out of her conscious so that she can be cleared of killing Vera Donovan. In the movie, however, she is talking to Salena, who doesnt remember all of what happens, or is in denial about most of what happened. Many of the make up time scenes in the movie are of Dolores trying to convince Salena that this really did happen. Yet another important event in both the book and the movie is w hen Dolores finds out that her husband has been sexually abusing their daughter. It is at this time that she decides to kill him, after some prompting by Vera Donovan. She takes drastic measures in prep her husbands accident. In the movie, however, the abuse is only acknowledged.

Our Children :: social issues

Our ChildrenMy Testimony and meaning to America and the World Hello my Brothers and Sisters in the Lord, past and now . . . It was the course 1986 and the month of June when my life was forever changed. The Kentucky Court System sentenced me to 25 eld and life, which means that I will have to serve 25 years in prison before I can be considered for liberate on a life sentence. I was convicted on murder and robbery charges and this was my first time coming to prison. I do accept liberal responsibility for my crimes. One night alone in my cell, I began to research myself and ask for mercy, and I repented in the name of delivery boy Christ and became toppingly and marvelously forgiven and saved. AMEN Today my dream, vision, and goal is to get out of prison and excursion all all over the United States of America and the world. I would like to preach in the churches and speak in the youth centers and school systems to address the business we face in this wicked world. I wait ed patiently for the Lord and he inclined unto me, and heard my cry. He brought me up also out of an worthless pit, out of the miry clay and set my feet upon a rock and constituted my goings. And he hath put a new song in my mouth, veritable(a) praise unto our God and I have peace and bed in my heart today in the name of Jesus Christ. HALLELUJAH Praise His sanctum Name As we all know, life comes with trials and tribulations and they tend to challenge our upcountry strength. I am obligated to put self aside and do Gods will today in America and the World. It is non about Brother Jones and his situation, its about our young people. They need our love and support because we have so many young people coming to prison today and the prison system in America is not the answer for our children. They should not have to travel the same road that I have traveled and it is very important that we address and arrest this problem. let me talk briefly about the prison system and the laws that have been legislated over the past decade or at least as huge as I have been in prison doing time with Jesus Christ.