Marketing Mix in Ports

Logistics Management Due Date Word Count Abstract This strain investigates the appearance of tenacious brim ( crownwork) with the aim of identifying the business and selling purlieu and ascertaining its study spate op carriageunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses.Based upon this internecine and external environmental evaluation, the ups of the alone-inclusive merchandise mix be analyses in relation to Polls authentic merchandising schema. Finally, suggestions on how Improvements to Polls market schema, with limited reference to the analysis of he widen marketing mix atomic number 18 proposed and the intrusions of such suggestions argon detailed. Research comprised of academic literature, constancy Journals, reports and websites In relation to the organization Itself and Its affiliates.What was found was that the mien of keen-sighted B for each ones list marketing strategies were based upon environmental stewardship, community, Industry and politics r elations, Infrastructure and transportation, dispense and commerce and organizational soundness. It was as well as recognized that the marketing strategy that opinion poll employ Is highly sophisticated, covering all facets of the widen marketing mix. Polls facilitating effective delivery of service to their major(ip) guests, eastern Asia, which accounts for 90% of its finishedput.POLL was analyses and segmented match the ups of the extended marketing mix. Its hear marketing strategies included environmental stewardship, community, manufacture and government relations, infrastructure and transportation, administer and commerce organizational intensity level. POLL vex focused this strategy, in conjunction with coalitions on their guest base, primarily eastbound Asia which accounts for 90% of trade and overly consumers at heart its local hinterland. Finally, changes to Port of Long Beachs marketing strategy argon put forth and also the potency impacts of such change s argon detailed.Table of Contents Abstract Contents Price work Evidence Introduction ii Table of iii Introduction 1 Task 1 1 Task 2 3 ware 4 4 Promotion 5 People 5 6 Physical 6 Task 3 7 Conclusion 8 References 10 The rise of world-wideization and subsequent increased freight volumes has essential seaports to become customer-focus oriented, proactive and adaptive in a highly belligerent freight market, encouraging trade facilitation some(prenominal) inside the port work its logistics and supply chain and outside(a)ly (Cannon 2004), (Cannon 2008), (Strategic Plan 2009).It follows then that seaport marketing must also develop and adapt in order to recognize value and also customer satisfaction. This essay will investigate the Port of Long Beachs (POLL) overall business from a marketing perspective, profiling the industry, the markets within the industry, its customers, this evaluation, the ups of the extended marketing mix are analyses in relation to Polls current marketing strategy. Finally, suggestions on how improvements to Polls marketing strategy, with specific reference to the analysis of the extended marketing mix are proposed and the impacts of such suggestions are detailed.Task 1 Summaries key organizational and marketing information from your Assignment 1 Case Report, in order to provide the context for your response to Questions 2 and 3 below. Pollinator & Khakis (2011) suggests that When shippers are confident about the volumes of cargo they will pick up to move or they feel that transport is of too great strategic importance, they may conclude to take the tape drive risk themselves. Whilst POLL do birth richly automated facilities, they do non do so in fusion with any major shipping lines.The absence of any major take leavenership agreements has left the door open for POLL to sign such agreements with eastern hemisphere Overseas Container Line ( alter) and Mediterranean Shipping Co (MASC.), ensuring that the majority of all carg o owned by MASC., nerveless and their hamper partners will straight off pass done Polls terminals and not Polls (Porter 2013). The impact of the partnerships has been immediately reflected through a 10. 1 percent increase in container throughput in the second prat of 2013, which simultaneously saw a 9. Percent decrease from POLL (Canada, atomic number 20 Ports Grow West Coast Market Share 2013).Newly developed on- come in rail facilities, gray chassis pool and Green Port gateway cook greatly improved the ports competitiveness and efficiency whilst reserveing for greater engagement connectivity through to east U. S. As far as the Ohio River (Port of Long Beach), (UNCLAD 2013). Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong (2013, p. 243) states moving in buyers are influenced hard by factors in the current and expected economic environment. This statement has never been more evident than in hipping following the spherical Financial Crisis (SGF) in 2008/2009 and more recently the European debt sovereign crisis.Subsequent ascesis measures harbour seen a shift in trade routes from Asia to Europe forthwith heading to the west coast of the U. S. , placing POLL and POLL in primary quill position to receive increased volumes of cargo (UNCLAD 2012). POLL is aware of its impact on the environment and have answered with their award winning Green Port Policy, which seeks to reduce and eliminate the pollution generated by the port. POLL wish to not only be the busiest and most efficient port in north America, but also an environmental innovator and leader (Port of Long Beach 2013).Critically evaluate the marketing mix of your chosen organization, using relevant marketing theory. The advent of globalization and the subsequent increase in seaport rivalry has required seaports to differentiate their product through the provision of value-added service and continually evolving marketing strategies (Cannon 2004). Port of Long Beachs key marketing strategies were based upon environmental stewardship, community, industry and government relations, infrastructure and transportation, read and commerce and organizational effectiveness (Port of Long Beach 2013).PRODUCT The product of a port can be separated into its core product and its actual product (Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong 2013). POLL seeks to have value and competitive advantage through its complex and highly merged service offering, enabled through its cargo handling function and value-added services. POLL possess both dedicated container and bulk cargo terminals, with supply chain capabilities that allow meshing access as far as the Ohio River.Network connectivity is enabled pacifically through on-dock rail, across 10 piers and 80 berths that are serviced by 66 post-Panamas gauntry cranes, allowing for efficient transshipment and storage of cargoes. Channel and berth depth have been deepened in order to accommodate many of the larger container vessels capable of carryin g 13,000 TIES. POLL encourages trade facilitation through its harbor services, tug/towing, piloting, consulates, marine surveyors, U. S. Customs, freight forwarders, customer brokers, and shipping agents.Supporting services such as waste disposal, medical facilities, tortes and bunkering are also available. Additionally, POLL provides value-added services such as cold storage and bonded entrepot (Port of Long Beach 2013), (Strategic Plan 2009). PLACE Place of the product involves accompany logistics and marketing activities concerned with delivering the companys service. A ports position is imperative to its ability to string and retain customers. POLL is situated in the heart of the most inhabited extensive hinterland access, allowing it to be served by 140 shipping lines with connections to 217 seaports.Polls location and network connectivity allows for the shiest chance of frequency, reliability, profitability and relative convenience. High calling volumes of its major compe titor and harbor neighbor, POLL, results in increased traffic flows and congestion that would other than belong to POLL, save POLL is able to reduce this effect as five of Polls container terminals are connected with on-dock rail facilities, that increase the efficiency of traffic flow and reach of the port past the immediate through to the extended hinterland in the east U.S. (Cannon 2008), (Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong 2013) (Port of Long Beach 2013), Strategic modify 2009). PRICE Price is the amount of money the customer has to pay to capture the product (Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong 2013). It is difficult to compare port tariffs among ports accurately because of diversity in their systems and regulations, the existence of determine by long-standing agreements and the influence of the exchange rate. This is indicative Polls duty No. , which continually states that tariffs and charges are assessed in accordance with and based upon each and every of the limitations, agreements, covenants and conditions set forth. POLL, however, does adopt a mix of efficiency pricing and relationship pricing, as each strategy is specifically applied to the face of customer and relationship. Efficiency pricing applies to customers requiring the lowest available prices. This pricing strategy is more applicable to short-term transactional based customers. Relationship pricing is offered to those that are either profitable in the long-term or have the trenchant potential to grow.Port charges encompass navigation, berth and cargo operational services, all of which are either based on size of ship, time in port or size/volume of cargo. Other business related cost include real estate, licensing and charge services incurred from or by port-related services (Berry & Hydra 1996), (ESCAPE 2002), (Port of Long Beach 2013) PROMOTION Promoting a port is suggested as being a means of communicating with current and potential customers, with its train being to r aise awareness of what the port offers and to influence customer attitudes and fashion towards the port (Bernard 1995), (Somers and De Wiled 1997).POLL seeks to promote itself through the victimization of a positive blot image, conveying network connectivity, sailing frequency, liability, service quality and professional management (Branch 1998), (Port of Long Beach 2013). POLL has formed partnerships with leading European and Asiatic shipping companies, each of which are part of shipping alliances that allows it to promote its services globally (Porter 2013). POLL further promotes itself through its website, annual reports and strategic plans, outlining its constitute directive for the future, one that balance their constituent as a facilitator of international trade with our strong partnership.PEOPLE Cannon (2008) states Establishing a relationship with a customer and building loyalty emperies two parts, the initial marketing to attract the cover relationship over time so t hat the financial and other objectives of both parties are achieved. It follows then that marketing communications play an important role in customer relationship management. POLL have a clear focus on employing talented and motivated people, with the aim to empower them at all levels that encourages them to develop and enhance the relationship in order to remark customers. Gumminess 1994), PROCESS Customers migrate to other service providers when the process is disadvantageously managed and lets them down (Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong 2013). In order to lessen the risk of losing competitive advantage, customer relationship management within ports has evolved into the development of partnerships. Decisions by POLL marketing and management are indicative of this evolution with the recent contractual arrangements with COOL and the subsequent development of Terminal Operating Shipping Lines (TOSS).Vertical integration allows COOL to exert market power through upstream or downriver integration, whilst POLL benefit from the resultant higher volumes of cargo and technologically get along with cargo systems, improving service delivery (Bishop 2009) (Porter 2013). PHYSICAL EVIDENCE function are mostly intangible. Thus the meaning of other tools and techniques used in marketing is important as customer tend to rely on physical cues to help them evaluate the product before they buy it (Kettle, Brown, Burton, Deans & Armstrong 2013) (Marketing instructor 2013).POLL and the local government have both invested heavily in regards to the versed and external environments resulting in aesthetically pleasing involves both inward and superficial from the port. Restaurants, tourist shops, parks, bikes and customary transport facilities lie directly adjacent and diametral POLL, increasing the ports community integration and acceptance. Such external projects, matched with modern, sophisticated internal infrastructure projects are becoming increasingly attra ctive to all stakeholders and customers, as POLL leads the way in efficiency and environmental stewardship, both domestically and internationally.How could your chosen organization improve their marketing mix in view of the evaluation you conducted and the strategies you recommended in your Case Report? Whilst POLL have invested heavily in their own employees and long-term customers, it seems that they could do more in relation to the greater everyday. The greater public, whilst benefiting from increased trade volumes, efficiency, environmental standards and community-friendly amenities, are not utilized in their full capacity. Increasing public involvement within the port has many benefits and repercussions, should issues arise.Cannon (2008) propounds that port developments are hampered by community concerns and the need for environmental performance, which is mirrored by Giuliani & OBrien (2008) who state that citizen concerns about ports environmental impacts condition public p olicy, which can lead to policy intervention and increased be or loss of customers. Increased involvement allows the public to take a vested interest in the operations of the port, boosting public perception, thus allowing for greater public investment and increased brand image, greatly reducing the potential for public backlash should blackball publicity in regards to the port arises.The development to the full automated facility in conjunction with private investors, MASC., COOL and their alliance partners, could discourage competing shipping lines, not involved in such alliances from expend in POLL, and in some instances lead to discriminatory treatment. Bishop (2009), states Ports and ocean carriers may also get onto conflict because of resource scarcities, for instance when dedicated terminals are allocated to a single shipping line, hence pushing other carriers to exit via ports elsewhere.POLL could adjust their strategy in relation to such firms by winning them from tra nsactional based customer and developing customer relationships. Whilst this strategy may not be applicable to all smaller sized shippers, it is through the development of relationships with medium to larger sized shipping lines, not a part of shipping alliances, where POLL could increase market share whilst at the equivalent time decrease POI-As competitive advantage. The U. S. Has replaced Europe in relations to exports, however the increased volumes can have both a positive and negative effect on hinterland connections with the rest of the U.S. The development of infrastructure and processes within the port are only as effective as its network connections with the hinterland. Ensuring network inevitably improve its perceived port efficiency to an Asian, global and domestic markets that demand it. Although rising cargo volumes can create congestion within the vast networks connecting POLL with its hinterland, an opportunity lies within to market to major injecting intermediate an d multimedia firms.Forming alliances or partnerships with such firms could secure reliability through the supply chain into the future and in turn reduce cost to importers, increases perceived reliability in the Asian market and also increases ingathering and potential for importers to utilities the facilities POLL has to offer. The promotion of high efficiency and reliability to the East Asian consumer base that accounts for 90 percent of Polls container throughput could prove the difference in perceived competitive advantage, resulting in cargo volumes transferring from POLL to POLL. ConclusionThe Port of Long Beach and the way in which the extended marketing mix have shaped its marketing strategy has been analyses. POLL was found to be in a highly competitive environment, specifically due to the close proximity of its larger rival, POLL. In order to regain competitive ground, POLL have entered into partnerships through the signing off long-term lease with a major shipping line COOL and allowed further private investment from MASC., in order to achieve ameliorate economies of scale, improved operational efficiency and better asset utilization to sure up profitability.This matched with newly developed, environmentally sustainable infrastructure, will enhance its capability to capitalist on shifting trade routes from Asia to the U. S. Then the marketing strategy of POLL was analyses and segmented according the ups of the extended marketing mix. Its key marketing strategies included environmental stewardship, community, industry and government relations, infrastructure and transportation, trade and commerce organizational effectiveness.POLL have focused this strategy on their customer base, primarily East Asia which accounts for 90% of trade and also consumers within its local hinterland. The ups product, place, price, rumination, people, process and physical evidence were individually analyses with specific reference to POLL and its stakeholders including i ts customer base and POI-A. Lastly, three suggestions as to how POLL could improve aspects of their marketing mix in view of the evaluation conducted are provided.

Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by

international research diary of environs skills________________________________ ISSN 23191414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Isolation, line drawing and Identification of diesel Engine inunct Degrading Bacteria from store S crude rock vegetable fossil vegetable rock anoint color colour and Comparison of their Bioremediation Potential Teli Nikhil1, Verma Deepa2, Gavankar Rohan1 and Bhalerao Satish3 1 Department of Biotechnology, Viva College, Virar (W), Maharashtra, INDIA 2 Department of Botany, Viva College, Virar (w), Maharashtra, INDIA 3 Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Available online at www. sca. in Received 30th November 2012, revised 12th January 2013, accepted twenty-fifth January 2013 snitch The rate of bio abasement of diesel motor motor motor locomotive railway locomotive motor locomotive engine anele by microorganisms isolated from garage disgrace (petroleum pollute s crude oil color color) was studied. Modified diesel engine oil average was engagementd and two most abundant microorganisms were isolated from garage soil genus genus genus Micrococcus sp. and genus Pseudomonas sp. were implant to be hydro coulomb degraders and these two bacterias were selected for the degradation test. The degradation of diesel engine oil was monitored at a five twenty-four hour period interval up to twenty five sidereal sidereal mean solar day period, using gravimetric method. laterward 25 days of incubation period, Pseudomonas sp. profuse 67. 57 % of the oil and Micrococcus sp. with 52. 95 %. But the categorization of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were make to have great potential to degrade diesel engine oil i. e. 89. 98 % after 25 days. The rate of degradation of diesel engine oil by Micrococcus sp. was found to be 7. 48 x 10-4gm/hr and that of Pseudomonas sp. was 9. 55 x 10-4gm/hr while the mixture of two(prenominal) bacterial isolates showed highest rate of degradation of diesel engine oil i. e. 1. 27 x 10-3gm/hr.Keywords Bioremediation, Diesel engine oil, oil spills, hydrocarbon degraders, Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. Introduction As we dig deeper into the modern industrial age of technologies, several(prenominal) aspects of human life change. People benefit by and large from life development and many live in successfulness, but prosperity has a price. This price is paid by our environment that suffers daily from entirely kinds of pollutants and destruction. People now have to find ways to cure this destruction. Oil contamination is oneness of the most dangerous pollution factors known today.It earth-closet cause a threat to the environment. It is very fe bed by environmentalists and its very backbreaking to control if it gets out of hand. Oil spills have been a major(ip) end across decades. One of the famous oil spills which are also on-going is in Taylor Energy Well in gulf of Mexico, U. S. A caused out- of-pocket to Hurri taile Sept 16, 2004 till present date and almost 0. 03- 0. 05 tones oil/per day is estimated to leak. An separate recent oil spill was in Mumbai (India) and caused due to the escape valve in Mumbai-Uran pipeline dated January 21, 2011 and about 55 tons of oil was leaked in Arabian Sea.Various such accidents occur throughout the years and it causes mal pass over to our surrounding. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. With the combined dependence on diesel engine oil by some vehicles and generators, greater quantities are being transported over long distances. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying diesel oil and motor mechanics1. Diesel oil spills on agricultural land generally reduce plant reaping.Suggested reasons for the minify plant growth in diesel oil contaminated soils incline from direct toxic effect on plants2 and reduced germination to unequal soil condition due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of the displacement of radiate from the space between the soil particles by diesel engine oil3. Among several cleanup techniques available to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from the soil and groundwater, bioremediation processes are gaining ground due to their simplicity, higher efficiency and costeffectiveness when compared to other technologies4.This sight was therefore designed to monitor the rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil (hydrocarbon) by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil), by using gravimetric method. Material and Methods Preparation of modified diesel oil medium The modified diesel oil medium comprised of 0. 7 gm K2HPO4, 0. 1 gm (NH4)2SO4, 0. 3 gm KH2PO4, 0. 3 gm MgSO4 7H2O, 2. 2 gm agar agar5. The mineral components of the medium were dissolved in vitamin C ml of distilled water and heterogeneous with 2 ml of Gulf diesel engine oil. The medium was autoclaved at 121oC for 15 min. International Science relation back Association 8 International Research ledger of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Enrichment of microorganisms Microorganisms capable of degrading diesel engine oil were enriched in unfertilised modified diesel engine oil medium by inoculating soil (which was collected from Maharashtra garage, 65 years old garage at Sewri) in to the medium in 250 ml conical flask. 0. 5 gm of this garage soil was inoculated in to the 100 ml of sterile modified diesel oil fund and allowed to incubate at 37oC for 1 week.Isolation of microorganisms After 1 week of incubation period, 1 drop of enriched nicety was cattle ranch on to the sterile modified diesel oil agar case. The plate was incubated at 37oC for 48 hr. After 48 hr incubation two several(predicate) bacterial colonies were selected from incubated plate. Each bacterial colony type was gun cultured repeatedly onto sterile alimentary agar plates to obtain a pure culture. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of their colonial morphology, cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics according to the taxonomic scheme of Bergeys Manual of Determi primordial Bacteriology6.Determination of microbial colony leans for degradation studies 5 ml of sterile Nutrient broth was aseptically inoculated with a loopful of pure culture of village 1(C1) in first test tube and dependence 2 (C2) in second test tube and incubated both the tubes at 37oC for 24 hr. After incubation, the numbers of organisms present in one ml of intellectual nourishment broth were determined by spread plate method. The numbers of organisms were adjusted in both the tubes in such a way that both the isolates contain approximately equal numbe rs of microorganism in one ml of sample by using sterile Nutrient broth as a diluent7.Soil sample collection and preparation Top show up soil sample was collected from the premises of the Shahid Bhagatsingh Ground, Kalachowki in sterilized tensile containers. Soil sample meant for degradation studies was sterilized using autoclave at 121oC for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool to inhabit temperature for further words. Description and intervention of samples Test i. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mingled with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C1, ii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 48 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C 2, iii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 1 ml culture of C1+ 0. 1 ml culture of C 2 Control 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml of sterile distilled water. Diesel oil degradation studies The great power of C1, C2 and mixture of both the bacterial isolates to degrade diesel oil was monitored on the first day (day zero) of the study and subsequently at 5-day interval for 25 days.Carbon tetrachloride was employed as an extractant. On each day, two samples per single interposition were analyzed for the quantity of residual diesel oil7. Each of the 15gm soil manipulation samples was mixed with 40 ml of carbon tetrachloride, placed in a separating conical flask, shaken vigorously for 3 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. The unstable phase was separated by allowing the supernatant (diesel oil carbon tetrachloride) to pass gradually through a funnel fitted with drop typography (Whatman No 1). Anhydrous sodium sulphate spread on the filter paper was employed to remove any moisture in the mixture.The liquid phase was collected in a 50-ml pre-weighed beaker. The beaker containing the extract was placed in an oven and the extractant allowed to evaporate at 50oC. The beaker with the residual diesel oil was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the quantity of residual diesel oil by difference8. Results and countersign In this study, the soil samples were gathered from the garage (oil contaminated site) because the capability of native bacterial population to mineralize crude oil hydrocarbons in oil contaminated sites was confirmed before by many scientists9.The rate of biodegradation of Diesel engine oil by hydrocarbonoclastic organisms isolated from garage soil were assessed. Table 1 and table 2 shows that, using cultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics, two bacterial isolates Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified by compairing it with the Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology. The number of CFU/ml of both the bacterial isolates was adjusted to 7. 88 x 107 CFU/ml for degradation studies. The biodegraders which were Mi crococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Mixture of both the culture showed various abilities in the breakdown and utilization of the diesel engine oil. Character Colony 1 Colony 2 Size 1-2 mm 2-3 mm Table-1 Colony characteristics of bacterial isolates on Nutrient agar plate Shape airlift Colour Consistency Circular Irregular Convex Flat yellow-bellied Fluorescent green Butyrous Mucoidal Opacity Opaque Translucent International Science Congress Association 49 International Research diary of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int.Res. J. Environment Sci. Table-2 Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates C1 absolute Cocci Clusters No spore Non motile Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive No upheaval No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Acidic, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Positive Micrococcus sp. Character Gram stain Morphology Arrangement Endospore Motility Catalase Oxidase citrate Indole Gelatin Glucose fermentation Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation mannitol fermentation Tripple sugar iron Methyl red Voges proskauer Nitrate decrement Urea OrganismC2 Negative Rods Solitary No spore Sluggishly Motile Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Alkaline, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Negative Pseudomonas sp. Table-3 lean of diesel engine oil extracted (on various days) from 15 gm soil samples grime with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of sterilize diesel oil and 0. 2 ml of culture Day Sample I II leash IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV burthen of diesel oil extracted (gm) 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 807 gm 0. 801 gm 0. 30 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 787 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 663 gm 0. 348 gm 0. 483 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 545 gm 0. 290 gm 0. 271 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 399 gm 0. 275 gm 0. 085 gm 0. 848 gm Weight of diesel oil degraded (gm) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 041 0. 047 0. 018 0. 000 0. 061 0. 209 0. 209 0. 000 0. 185 0. 500 0. 365 0. 000 0. 303 0. 558 0. 577 0. 000 0. 449 0. 573 0. 763 0. 000 Rate of degradation (gm/hr) 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 42 x 10-4 3. 92 x 10-4 1. 50 x 10-4 0. 00 2. 54 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 0. 00 5. 14 x 10-4 1. 39 x 10-3 1. 01 x 10-3 0. 00 6. 31 x 10-4 1. 6 x 10-3 1. 20 x 10-3 0. 00 7. 48 x 10-4 9. 55 x 10-4 1. 27 x 10-3 0. 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 * determine are means of twice determinations. Key i. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. ii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Pseudomonas sp. iii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. IV. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil International Science Congress Association 50 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J.Environment Sci. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Micrococcus sp It was seen that the rate of diesel oil degradation by Micrococcus sp. was slow as compared to the rate of degradation of diesel oil by Pseudomonas sp. and mixture of Micrococcus sp. and pseudomonas sp. But the diesel oil degradation potential of Micrococcus sp. was continuously increasing as the clipping of contact between oil and organism increased. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Pseudomonas sp It can be seen that the efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade diesel engine oil is hot than that of Micrococcus sp.As the incubation period increases the rate of degradation of diesel engine oil also increases. But it was seen that till 15th day, the rate of degradation was much faster. This was probably due to the exponential phase of the cell growth but after that the rate of degradation was slightly decreased. It was possibly because of cells of the Pseudomonas sp. were near to its stationary phase of cell growth. Diesel engine oil deg radation study by mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp The weight of diesel oil extracted from soil containing diesel engine oil and mixture of both bacterial isolates i. . Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. showed continuous weight departure till the 25th day of incubation period. After 5th day of incubation period it was seen that there was a drastic increase in the rate of diesel oil degradation till the 25th day of incubation period which was quite higher than that of the single culture of Micrococcus sp. as well as that of the Pseudomonas sp. In this case it was found that around 90% of the diesel engine oil was degraded after 25th day and rate of degradation of diesel oil was found to be continuously increasing i. e. 1. 50 x 10-4gm/hr after 5th day to 1. 7 x 10-3gm/hr after 25th day. Conclusion When Micrococcus sp. is used in combination with Pseudomonas sp. it showed a great potential to diesel oil degradation. This was probably due to the different enzyme system fro m two different bacterial isolates that acts on hydrocarbon at a time which proved to be an excellent option to degrade that hydrocarbon if both the bacterial enzyme system posses capacious efficiency to act upon it and to degrade it10. This was followed by single culture of Pseudomonas sp and then Micrococcus sp. The oil degradation by Pseudomonas sp. as not surprising not barely because it was isolated from garage soil which was already contaminated by oil and grease but also because it is known to possess a much competent and active hydrocarbon degrading enzyme system than Micrococcus sp. It is known to be fast growing and is capable of degrading a wide miscellany of organic compounds11. In the case of Micrococcus sp. which is also known to posses the considerable efficiency to use it as an oil degrader, but it requires more time compared to that of the Pseudomonas sp. Figure1 Comparison of % Diesel engine oil degradationInternational Science Congress Association 51 Internati onal Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Figure2 Comparison Rate of Diesel engine oil degradation (gm/hr) By using biological processes, as in the case of bioremediation, usually lowers the costs as compared to chemical treatment processes for various contaminated sites. It is also less disturbing to the environment. However, because it is a raw(a) process, it requires time.The above experiment shows that bioremediation can be used effectively to treat oil contaminated soil. The remarkable rate of diesel oil degradation by bacterial isolates shown by this method allows for the safe and convenient use of this microorganism in the oil contaminated area. Moreover the results obtained from the comparison between the diesel oil degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. , Micrococcus sp. and mixture of both helps them to use in different bioremediation processes bas ed upon their efficiencies. And the advantages of employing mixed cultures as opposed to pure cultures in bioremediation have been demonstrated. . 3. Baker J. M. , Mangroove swamps and the oil Industry, Environ. Pollut. Bull. , 12 (1982) Zahir A. Z. , Malik M. A. R. and Arshad M. , The effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn, Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, 537-540 (2001) Adriano Pinto Mariano, Ana Paula de Arruda Geraldes Kataoka, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis Daniel Marcos Bonotto, Laboratory study on the bioremediation of diesel oil contaminated soil from a petrol station, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), (2007) Nwaogu L.A. , Onyeze G. O. C and Nwabueze R. N. , abasement of diesel oil in a polluted soil using Bacillus subtilis, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1939-1943 (2008) Bergey D. H. , Holt John G. , et al, Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology, Baltimore Williams and Wilkins (1994) Dong-ju Kim, S eung-gun Chung, Sang-hyup Lee and Jae-woo Choi, Relation of microbial biomass to counting units for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, African Journal of Microbiology, 6(21), 4620-4622 (2012) Udeme J. J. , Antai S. P. Biodegradation and Mineralization of Crude oil by Bacteria, Niger. J. Biotechnol. , 5 77-85. (1988) Akhavan Sepahi, I. Dejban Golpasha, M. Emami, A. M. Nakhoda, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. , 5(3), 149-154 (2008) crude oil by bacteria, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 7986 (1988) 4. 5. 6. 7. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their earnest gratitude to Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. K. P. N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. , Dr. R. D.Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College, Virar (w) Maharashtra, Non Teaching Staff , Dept. Biological sciences ,VIVA College Virar (w) Maharashtra. 8. 9. 10. Ijah U. J. J. , Antai S. P. , Degradation and mineralization of References 1. Hill G. B. , Moxey J. G. , Gasoline and Diesel oil In Gat hee VB (ed) Petroleum merchandise Handbook Mc-Grew Hill, 4, 1-4 NY (1980) 11. Ijah U. J. J. , Okang C. N. , Petroleum Degrading capabilities of bacteria isolated from soil, W. A. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 38(1-4), 915 (1993) International Science Congress Association 52

Drug Essay Essay

Drug ab employment and addiction atomic number 18 major burdens to society however, staggering as these numbers are, they provide a limited perspective of the devastating consequences of this diseaseEssay On Drugs many another(prenominal) incidents aim been reported in television and social Medias in this smooth-tonguedessay about do medicatess spendrs and dealers who are caught in the acts, especially in those squatters world or what they call dose dens. Not only those person who snappy in this populated area are being reported to the brass activity but believe it or not powerful persons like government officials also indulge their selves in using prohibited drugs. nigh of the drug social occasionrs in the Philippines are younker spate. Illegal drugs that are present admit marijuana, LSD, opiates, and barbiturates. While there are no accurate statistics available, it is estimated that as many as 60,000 preadolescent muckle in the Philippines are dealing with drug addiction. So what is the reason why this youth people are attracted to role this illegal drugs? Maybe you will agree with this points Ive listed. Ill counselling my discussion on young people who use prohibited drugs.First, Enjoyment. despite all the concerns about illegal drug use and the attendant lifestyle by young people, it is probably still the case that the lives of most young people are centred on school, home and employment and that most drug use is restricted to the use of tobacco and alcohol. They may adopt the behaviour, forge and dialect of a particular subculture including the occasional or investigateal use of illegal drugs without necessarily adopting the lifestyle. Even so, the evidence of drug use in spite of appearance youth culture suggests that the experience of substances is often pleasurable rather than shun and damaging. So possibly the main reason why young people take drugs is that they enjoy them. Second, Environment. Many young people live in c ommunities which suffer from poverty, with high unemployment, low quality housing and where the surrounding infra-structureof local services is fractured and poorly resourced. In much(prenominal) communities drug supply and use often thrive as an alternative economy often controlled by powerful criminal groups. As well as any use that might be associated with the stress and boredom of living in such communities, young people with poor job prospects recognise the financial advantages and the attitude achievable through the business of small scale supply of drugs. Third, Curiosity.Most young people are naturally curious and want to experiment with different experiences. For some, drugs are a good conversation point, they are elicit to talk about and fascinate everyone. Lastly, Personal Problems. Some young people will use drugs specifically to ease the trauma and pain of terrible relationships and the physical and emotional abuse arising from unhappy home lives. Such young people will often come to the attention of the school. If these problems can be addressed, then if drugs are involved they can become less of a problem. So how can we prevent this wide spread use of drugs and drug addiction? For me, it is within ourselves, and that is DISCIPLINE. Its hard for me to know that the lives of my fellow young people are being devastated just because of this prohibited drugs. If I have the opportunity to renew their lives, I would help them by conducting seminars about drug addiction. I will encourage them to join some recreational activities to rear(a) their attention on drugs. I will share to them the Good News, which is the Nazarene Christ because I believe that He alone can channelise our lives, from evil to good.Works CitedCurrie-McGhee, L. K. Drug Addiction. San Diego, CA, ReferencePoint Press, 2011.Drug Addiction. Strasbourg, Council of Europe Pub., 2005.Drug Addiction. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/drug_addiction. pillar Board . Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, vol. 28, no. 2, 2015, p. iii. doi10.1016/s0867-4361(15)00035-8.

Human nature Essay

Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual. It is the sound total o the multi-dimensionality of an individual. It is the sounding of ones upbringing as a person. Personality is the reflection of how we ar cargond by our family, friends, goernment, society, etc. in that location are two factors that affect genius. These are temperament and aliment. Many of us would try to look deep into ourselves and try to practise these following questions. Which is the intimately signifi messt, nature or nurture?Which of the two most substitute my personality as a whole? What am I really? Nature is the genetic or biological component of an individual. This agent that a persons nature comes from its predecessors and the attitudes comes from its parents. Genes diddle a great role in determining key personality traits like loving skills and learning ability than the way we are brought up by our parents. genetic s cience were most influential on peoples sense of moderation and also affected their kind and learning abilities and their sense of purpose.Nurture is the hearty and environmental factors that affect the individual. This means that the environment affects how a person thinks and do. There are many people in this world wherein they where affected by the changes in society. Maybe it is because it is needed so that they can fit in or whitethornbe they need it to be socially compatible with others. sort can be non-genetically transmitted from parents to offspring. Non-genetic transmission of behavior can play an important role in shaping personality.Both nature and nurture are important in constructing our personality. They are sine qua non with the personality. Both factors dish and determine the turn upcome of an individual. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to personality continuity and change, but genetic factors affect rank-order change only in younger decades of life, whereas environmental influences appear to represent a lifelong spring of inter-individual differences in personality development. For any(prenominal) they might choose nature over nurture, orvise versa, but soon they would realize that both economic aid them determine their real self. As time passes, our society also changes and this reminds us that we too carry to change so that we can fit in. We fetch to change so that we wont be left out from the others. Some people give so much importance with their social life that they forget their self. There is nothing permanent in this world. Our personality is also the same it changes according to what we ordain need depending on the situation. And with the financial aid of the two factors, nature and nurture, we will be able to change easily.We will be able to address our problems and answer it without difficulty. Although we rescue to be reminded that ever-changing our personality doesnt mean that we contrive to change our whole self. Yes, we adopt to change because it is needed but we also have to be reminded that we have to remain a little amount of ourselves. We change because society tells us to but we should still stay true to ourselves because if all of us change, whence we will be identical with each other and that would mean a disobedience to the natural law.We have to be true to ourselves because we have to be different from others. We have to be distinct from the others. We have to be unique. even though society tells us to change our personality or attitude, we are still given up the authority and choice to do so. We are the bosses of ourselves and we can dictate ourselves what to do and what not to do. In order to gain something, you have to lose something I disagree in this statement. Why? Because we are given a choice and that choice doesnt mean that we have to permit go, it only means that we have to accept new things.There may be clashes and disagreements with two factors but it is possible to combine them and maybe at that place will be better results. Again, both nature and nurture are important in constructing ourselves. Some of us already found themselves and some are still struggling to find their meaning but we have to be reminded that we are different. We are who we are and we shouldnt force ourselves to change just to satisfy other people. We have to learn to accept ourselves beginning(a) before others would learn to accept us. Being true to ourselves makes our personality round the most.

Analysis of the NSPCC Advert

Advertisement is a manipulative use of media in stage to bring the auditory modalitys trouble to a product or service. In the devil go toizingisements we see two different uses of the same media ( boards). Types of advertisement come low two main categories Importance-giving important details such as break dates and location. Persuasive-plays more than on the manipulative side, this is present in the two bank bills.The NSPCC advert is appealing to our sympathetic and emotional sides asking for our donations to help the troubled child. We argon given the impression that we atomic number 18 helping an individual this is because of the video and attach to story.A vulnerable child bandaged and exposed on what seems to be a bed quite a than a crib dominates the page. The pass is circumscribed to 1/3 of the page. This message is subtle, keeping our sympathy going rather than anger. NSPCC is placed in the bottom right hand corner, a fall upon that is well know and respected for its work. The message is in foolhardy earn against a large white space so it is easily noticed. The message is snappy and carries a rhythmic pattern which is disturbed by the field and the tips of her fathers fingers.Also you can read Analysis July at the MultiplexThe queer bandaged and covering its eyes creates an impact on the reader and our attention is diverted b the captivating text, it opens with the word All which suggests a limited list. In the final item to the list we be hurted at the abolished subtlety. Tip suggests rigour increasing the sympathy pain. When we read the donation earn we discover insofar more ab show up this unfortunate child. In the more in abstruseness story lines such as loss of control leads us to thoughts of frantic behaviour. forwards we get to the amounts for donation we get the line I want to help this leaves miniature room for us to deny such an emotional appeal.Rhetorical devices are not present in this appeal because it asks for o ur co-operation through sympathy preferably of the federation arguing their point. The overall effect is simple and direct, simplicity is utilise because they are emphasising how the picture says it all. One sentence in the donation form is opened with You personalising the advert and devising it the reader feel involved and important.The BP advert uses shock to entice the audience. We cringe with disgust as we see the worms entwined and sonsie together taking up 2/3 of the page. The headline is bold but once read it only confuses the reader and increases captivation. Due to our distinguishing characteristic and hate of confusion we read on in order to read the link between the board and its headline. The BP logo is small if it wasnt wed know what the poster was about and would find little need to read on. In this poster there is little need for fancy human faces because curiosity has already occurred. The furnish has an informal tone a sign of humanity making it easier to speak with this company.The caption opens with Most people would a sign of them distinguishing themselves from the average. They make out to be environmental campaigners but our futures cant be the first worry of a petrol company. Both adverts use visually shocking pictures, they erect curiosity. BP and NSPCC accept protection over something to our caring and nurturing nature. When we are asked to care it is difficult to disavow without guilt of being heartless. Overall twain pictures use the element of shock to attract an audience, 1/3 of the page is a description because the pictures only arent too descriptive. NSPCC uses slightly enlarged and conveniently spaced lettering because the picture requires very little explaining. BP uses a confusing headline to lure the audience in and keeps the curiosity levels going. A shocking picture is accompanied by 1/3 of writing, the explanation is in a small font and is not particularly short in content, and this is effective in making th is a memorable poster.Both posters have a small company logo, but this for different reasons BP is to crate confusion and NSPCC is to give the impression that the poster is a campaign for children rather than popularity.Dramatic vocabulary is used in small amounts throughout the two posters such as All this handle will ever remember and in BP Protecting. BP could have used statistics but indomitable not to, this makes the poster humane and the reader feels empathetic towards the NSPCC advert.Read similarlyCase 302 July in MultiplexPresentational devices are arranged about the one objective shock. These posters captured my attention and curiosity I was more interested in the BP because it wasnt too blatant with its point so it required more information beyond its headline. They were both successful in their intentions, but both obviously were directed at two different audiences. Sympathy is a very emotional mindset and as long as our emotions are triggered we become captivated. Emotions are difficult to ignore because they engage rational sentiment with knowledge, a combination that would be un-human to ignore hence its use in these adverts.

Freud’s View on Religion

Freud maintained interests in the subjects of God and theology throughout his long c areer. Freud considered the practice of devotion and phantasmal rites to be some sort of neurological obsession. Taking the concept from Feuerbach, he also saw religious ideology as a bump of infantile wishes. If religious belief was a anatomy of neurosis, it is marked by an flatulent dissociation between unriv totallyedself and trulyity. If organized religion was a continuation of the electric shaverish course to project one(a)s imagination unto naive realism, it is marked by an supernormal association between ones fantasies and the objective ground.Either mien, religion is a sickness that take aims to be cured. Freud gave the clearest expression of his views on religion in his book The Future of an Illusion. In order to explore Freuds conception of religion, we must jump clarify certain points. When Freud speaks of religion, he is usually talk of the town about the impostal, fe ar- base, authoritarian, organized religion. There are other openhearteds of religion too. For instance, when William crowd duologue about religion in his Varieties of Religious Experience and when Freud talks about religion in his The Future of an Illusion they are referring to on the satisfying different approaches to God.James is talking about mystical experiences, while Freud is and then talking about infantile beliefs. Unlike James profound investigations into sublime apparitional matters, Freuds observations are more or less commonsensical. Freuds theories of origins of religion are some clock times criticized for organism unscientific speculations, but in truth on that point is non such(prenominal) of a need for scientific corroboration of Freuds views because they are just commonsensical.When one looks objectively at the various religions and religious beliefs in our world, one is beach to reach to conclusions somewhat similar to those of Freud. Freud may rush c ouched his observations in a more scholarly language, but basically what he is saying is actually simple and easily relatable. When he says religious rites are man raceifestations of obsessive neurosis, he simply means religions are somely ridiculously lunatic affairs. And when Freud says religions are infantile projections, he means they are simply sisterish non sense experience.It is rough to come to any other conclusion when we look at the whole pheno custodyon of organized religion from a rational perspective. Freud mostly has Judeo-Christian tradition in mind when he condemns religion. Though Freuds observations could be mostly applicable to more other world religions of the past and the map, they would make most direct sense when we keep the Jewish and Christian religions in mind. Freuds main proposition is that religion is a projection of world longings and desires. except desires and longings for what? for aegis of course.The Future of an Illusion and its seque l finish and its Discontents are Freuds reflections on the origins and nature of shade. Freud talks about religion in the linguistic context of civilization. Before the advent of civilization, man lived in wilderness. In our modern times, skirt by the innumerable comforts of science and technology, i. e. , civilization, we may non be able to properly appreciate the fact, but situations of emotional state posed unalterable threat and continual hardship for wandering groups of early gentlemans gentlemans, and this was how we lived for literally hundreds of thousands of years.Civilization is relatively a actually recent manifestation. Religion in its central forms most likely predates civilization by tens of thousands of years. Freud constantly ties up religion with civilization since they essentially serve the same function provide security against fearsome, elemental forces of nature. The principal task of civilization, its actual raison detre, is to defend us against natur e, says Freud, and nobody would dispute this assertion.Now, the principal task of religion too is the same, though it approaches this issue of security from a different angle. And while civilization provides real security, religion provides solo imaginary one, zilch more than an illusory feeling. orthogonal the setting of civilization, the basic question before an individual human being as he tried to live his life and cope with his surround was how to survive, how to defend himself against the superior powers of nature, of Fate? The first meter toward security is what Freud calls, humanisation of nature A great deal is al s lavatoryy gained with the first step the humanization of nature. Impersonal forces and destinies rout out non be approached they remain eternally remote. But if the elements have passions that rage as they do in our own souls, if death itself is not something spontaneous but the violent act of an evil Will, if e reallywhere in nature there are Beings around us of a soma that we know in our own society, then we can breathe freely, can feel at home in the uncannyThis was how the first very primitive religions began, long before the advent of civilization. Say, if civilization began roughly 5 6000 years ago, and agriculture began some 10 12000 years ago, there is state for religious rites to have taken place as far keister as 80,000 years or in fact much earlier, spillage back to the dim beginnings of the species Homo sapiens. Religion was therefore the first lawsuit of man to establish a rapport with nature.The intention was wholly a noble one to connect with the greater existence but human minds were understandably extremely primitive so long ago in time, their lifestyle was totally brutish, there was no language either, and so preferably of a poetic or philosophical reverence for Nature, men could scarce develop a routine of arbitrary, superstitious rituals in an causal agent to last out nature. Knowledge of our evolution ary beginnings was not well-developed in Freuds time, however his speculations were based on the intrinsic logic of things and so some of them were neatly corroborated by scientific disc everywhereies that were made much later.Superstitious religious beliefs did not really make man secure, but they at least provided an illusory sense of confidence We are still defenceless, perhaps, but we are no long-term lostly paralysed we can at least react. Perhaps, indeed, we are not still defenceless. We can apply the same methods against these violent supermen outside that we employ in our own society we can try to adjure them, to appease them, to bounty them, and, by so influencing them, we may rob them of a part of their power. Freud says, life and the universe must be robbed of their terrors. This was the big project man was on. However, there was no fashion man could achieve this at a time when he could not flat build a primitive tax shelter for himself and had to live inside the ca ves. Even in the modern times, with such crazy advances in science, we are still far from achieving this. The primitive man could only project beings with whom he could relate unto the abstract Nature, and achieve some kind of consolation through such an effort.This was not an altogether futile effort besides consolation, it could also have led to other practical benefits. A replacement like this of natural science by psychology not only provides immediate relief, but also points the counseling to a win mastering of the situation. From these very primitive beginnings, religions too went on evolving along with mans growing awareness of his world. Freud continues with his logically derived conception of the evolution of religion. Freud has nada against the way primitive religions evolved, because obviously human kind was in its puerility for all that time. Therefore it was only natural. What Freud is against are the present- mean solar day monotheistic religions of the world.Mono theism first evolved after a few thousands of years of civilization. Freuds birth religion, Judaism, was one of the pioneers of monotheism. Although the monotheistic religion was a tremendous leap of abstraction over the primitive pantheistic religions, it was still an evolution of the primitive religions. Religion in whatever form, including the deeper spiritual and mystic modes, is a search for security, as is civilization. Whereas civilization has a valid base, religion continued to be a stringently imaginary enterprise.Civilization is a reflection of intelligence, maturity and capability of man, whereas religion is its exact opposite, although civilization and religion have been going together for so long. With monotheism, religion attained a kind of maturity, but unfortunately all the deep childishness still remained with it, being only thinly concealed. Freud remarks the chase about the evolution of religion And thus a store of ideas is created, born(p) from mans need to m ake his helplessness tolerable and built up from the material of memories of the helplessness of his own childhood and the childhood of the human race.This store of childish ideas continued to serve as a basis for the supposedly monotheistic religions too. Religion turned out to be an essentially childish pursuit. The parallels between religious tendencies and child psychology run deep. A very young child lives in a space where realness and dream/imagination constantly merge. In other words, he is not capable of clearly distinguishing between reality and imagination. For him, fairies in the stories he read could be as real as his friends at school. Freudian analytic thinking traces all the mental labyrinthinees of an adult person to his childhood. This is the essential modality of analysis.The vogue of large number to believe in religious doctrines is thus traced back by Freud to the movement of children to confuse between reality and imagination. One needs this tendency or readiness first to indulge in any kind of mythmaking which is at the core of all religions, whether monotheistic or pantheistic this ability to take ones own and collective mental projections for reality. in one case this is in place, a person can go on intercommunicate whatever suits him. A human child is so utterly helpless if he had to live on his own in this enormously complex world, unlike juvenile animals which come more or less prepackaged.The childs overwhelming need is security. This security is provided by his parents. The child realizes his total dependence on the parents consequently, the attachment to the father-figure or the mother-figure has deceased very deep in the collective psyche of humanity. Security is very deeply associated with the father figure, especially in Western cultures and the ancient civilizations they evolved from. And although the child grows up into a man, and becomes much more capable and stronger in fending for himself, he still remains we ak and helpless in face of many situations of life.The search for security continues, and the need for greater security is ever present. A benevolent and compassionate God watching over human affairs from his heaven if he existed would have been the ultimate protection for humans. But even if he does not exist, and no one has ever seen him, it need not present much of a problem because humans possess the faculty of confusing reality with imagination, and can easily make their own gods as well their own God. This faculty was particularly pronounced in people who lived in the early stages of civilization which corresponded to the intermediate stages of evolution of religion.These men belong to the ancient cultures of the world created thousands of gods and elaborate mythological stories featuring them all of them being nobody more than products of their fertile but childish imagination. In the subsequent ages, men became more mature, their rational faculties developed, and they s ought to make meaning of their world in a more focused manner, instead of just pursuit security and comfort. This development was helped by the fact that enough of security and comfort were present already, therefore a higher need to make sense of his world developed in man.Religious cults continued to emerge and evolve they were not simply arbitrary mythological stories anymore but contained more retentive narratives that answered philosophical questions and provided a framework of meaning to human existence. These latter day religions were apparently much more civilise than most of the primitive religions, nevertheless they were still highly childish and nonsensical. Science is a legitimate way of seeking comfort and security, and philosophy is a legitimate way of seeking meaning of human existence, but religion is a pseudo way of seeking all these three.Religion is like a drug that can provide a false sense of happiness and elation without in any way actually leading to greate r happiness and joy. That was way why Freud was so much opposed to the existence of religions, they essentially belonged to a childish, outmoded phase of human evolution, even the apparently more sophisticated ones. Religions are nothing but an illusion. They provide comfort, solace, security, meaning and significance to human life but they only seem to do so, in reality they only provide fake substitutes for all these.An illusion means an look without substance, and it is a very apt word to describe religions. There is nothing wrong in seeking greater meaning and security in our lives, in fact this search is what makes us human, this is a healthy need of human existence. But there is a much more plethoric neurotic version of this need which is easily satisfied by unadulterated appearances and falsities, and which is easily catered for by the religions of the world. Religions are an outcome of neurosis, they are a sickness of the human mind, and Freud genuinely hoped that relig ions could be cured by the spread of psychoanalysis some day in the future.

LOM Assignment

Lung conditions caused by 9/11 Write about the different types of lung conditions beingness found as a result of 9/11. We all conceive the effects of this surly day on September 11, 2001 but what we hold outt know is the effects it still had on so umteen after the tragedy ended. When the towers of the World Trade Center collapsed it produced a ambiguous could of smoke and vaporized concrete and drywall. New York City Fire incision rescue workers were exposed to polluted air- as well as circulate and diesel exhaust that accompanied the rescues effort, this had reduced there lung persist in weeks and months noticeing the attack.Now a new study in the New England diary of Medicine report that the lung impairment they observed in the rescue workers appears to be lasting. Firefighters, Emergency Medical personnel continued to have decreased lung division up to seven years after 9/11. They found close to of this separate suffered from Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma, Tuberculosis, and Sarcoidosis (especially prevalent among recovery and clean-up workers) 9/11 also exposed some people to having GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder) they addressed these declines with regular observe and aggressive treatment.In 2001 and 2002 the lung function of more than 12,000 fire fighters, rescue workers who were at fundament Zero had there lung functions measured, comparing the results to lung function tests given to the same group before 9/11 as a part as their department physicals. On average the lung function of the workers declined by an amount alike to twelve years of natural aging. In new studies, researchers continued to follow these fire fighters and medical personnel for an average of six years beat there lung function every twelve to eighteen months to see if the initial decline persisted.They were surprised to find little or no avail in average lung function, according to the study. The persistent decline in lung function has p otential short-term consequences, it places them at higher risk for shortness of breath, cough, take a breath and impairments in their ability to exercise and perform physically demanding jobs. A wad of these heroes are now unable to work because of these long term conditions of this horrible tragedy.

Effects Of Verbal And Emotional Abuse Essay

The effects of verbal abuse and ablaze abuse intertwine because verbally abusive statements mould on the dupes emotions. For example, the simple statement, Youre just looking for a battle tells the victim what hes doing and thinking, accuses the victim of attacking the abuser, and diverts the topic to a new problem (avoiding a fight).3 Emotionally, the victim feels misunderstood, unimportant, and afraid of what may happen if he presses the issue. Is this how we want our love ones to feel?There atomic number 18 legion(predicate) causes for verbal abuse. Some state have grown up in the environment of a verbally abusive p arnt or parents and the set up continues in many cases onto the children (learned behavior) a psyche who feels they are insufficient in the eyes of society and have not succeeded a person that has had a lot of bad luck and feels they are judged by their peers a person that hasnt had the opportunities others have and feel cheated lack of confidence over-confid ence to the point of having a high ego within themselves and they feel other people foundert stack up to what they feel is on their intelligence aim medications piece of ass cause a change in temper dissimilar diseases arsehole change a persons personalityAlzheimers and Dementia (sister to Alzheimers) freighter change a persons personality as well as traumas such as rape, losing a loved one to murder, natural or emotion abuse including partner physical and emotional abuse. A master at verbal abuse can damage your self-esteem while, at the same sequence, appear Answer sensual abuse is easily identified. There is no doubt, once you have you are living with someone who goes verbally ballistic for very little cause. major effects of Infidelity Responding to Your Spouses Infidelity Negative Effects And Causes Of Addiction complaisant Networking EssayBelow is a free essay on Effects And Causes Of Addiction Social Networking from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and condition paper examples. Effects and causes of Addiction social networkingThe world is an extremely new-made place and technology become necessary for people. Almost people utilise communication technology by social networking. Social networking can race to many serious problems. This essay will examine some feasible effects and solutions of social networking. There are many negative effects why most of people become addiction social networking. Firstly, the main effect of not stopping social networking spends too a good deal time at home. As a consequence, many people become passive in living. For example, teenagers waste lots of time for apply computer so they do not enough time to exercise. Therefore, they might become set-apart and have a physical issue. Additionally, people may lose assiduity in school or work. For instance, students always feel tired in class. As a result, they do not understand what their teacher taught them. Thus, students can fail examination. All of these negative situations can happen with addition social networking.There is a variety of social networking. Firstly, parents should monitor time of their children using social networking at home. To illustrate, they can make a plan for using social networking, studying and do exercise in each mean solar day for teenagers. Consequently, they would control their using time for social networking. Moreover, people should go after-school(prenominal) activities. For instance, they can go to the gym to exercise with friends. In addition, they can play many popular sports such as swimming, football, basketball and tennis. Finally, schools should limit online games and just now open a lot of useful studying. All of these possible solutions, people need to pay attention. In conclusion, addiction social networking is a grueling issue existing in modern life. Addiction social networking can be negative effects by spending too much time and losing concentration in class or company. Therefore, it is important that solutions are found. Besides that, parents shouldMLA CitationEffects And Causes Of Addiction Social Networking. Anti Essays. 10 Feb. 2013 APA CitationEffects And Causes Of Addiction Social Networking. Anti Essays. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from the World big Web http//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/131958.html

Reflection Paper Temple Grandin

temple Grandin Emergence Labeled autistic Positive Out stick withs Born in 1949, temple Grandin was first diagnosed with brain victimize at the historic period of three and then, at the succession of five, denominate Autistic. right away temple Grandin, self-labeled as a recovered autistic, is a well-respected doctor in sensual science, a professor at Colorado State University, a topperselling author, an autism activist, and a leading consultant to the awake(p)stock industry on animal style. eon it is easily argued that tabernacle Grandins life does not represent the average for most children with autism, her autobiography, Emergence Labeled Autistic (1986) offers a powerful usher of the influences and experiences that steered temple through her journey emerging from autism. Considering temples gainsay styles as a toddler and the norms for the cartridge holder, it would not invite been surprising if temples get under ones skin had followed the advice of the doctor s and situated temple into an institution at the age of three or kept her isolated at home.Instead, her m another(prenominal)wise offerd therapy and activities that kept synagogue from tuning kayoed and failing to develop (p. 20). At the age of three, synagogue began regular therapy with a speech t from each oneer who helped her hear the consonants by stretching show up and enunciating the consonants (p. 17). Although the reader single has a glimpse of the quarrel it must have been, it is clear that tabernacle was included in the passing(a) and special activities of her familys life with little allowances made for her atypical behavior Being a child of the 1950s was an advantage because of structured shake off Manners meals and lots of turn-pickings games kept me tuned in.The family meals and games also taught inseparable social skills (p. 20). As synagogue grew older, her mother continued to strive for tabernacle to have a normal life, enrolling her in kindergarten at the age of five, while also taking a proactive role in preventing problems before they happened. The civilise I go to was a small private school for normal children. suffer had discussed my problems extensively with the teachers. On the first day of school I was kept home so that the teachers could explain to the other children that I was dissimilar (p. 32).tabernacles mother was consistently an advocate for her she did not shy away from providing Temple with experiences that would be challenging for Temple, for herself or for others. The pass after third grade, Temple went to sleep away camp. Even though this experience could be labeled a failure, Temples mother did not place the knock on Temple she believed that the poor outcomes were the result of the adults handling the situation ineffectually. When Temple is in secure surroundings where she feels love above all, and appreciation, her compulsive behavior dwindles (p. 2). The second problem was the camp personnels lack o f sagacity (p. 55). After graduating from her small elementary school, at the advice of her teachers and therapists, Temple was enrolled in a large private school. When it became clear that this setting was not appropriate for Temple, her mother, erst again did not blame Temple. I explained and she listened c atomic number 18fully. As usual, she stood up for me (p. 68). Temples mother then took considerable time (and, in likelihood, played out considerable amount of money) to find a school that would be the better(p) match for Temple.With Temples input signal, Temples mother selected the visual modality Country School in Vermont. The Mountain Country School was arrested for gifted children like you (p. 70). The Mountain Country School, as described by Temple, appeared to be an ideal school for children with high-functioning autism even by todays disposition and standards. The basic philosophy of the school rested upon the principle of permitting bookmans an opportunity to tu rn over what they could in specific compasss, while at the same time two academic and personalized allowances were made for areas of emotional handicaps (p. 2). There were four essential areas for twain the school and the individual an understanding of an individuals personal problems and what to do to correct them mastery of postulate skills developing the social skills essential to everyday association and the competition of everyday living either in or out of school (p. 72). throughout Temples emersion from autism, Temples mother focused on Temples strengths and affirmed Temples differences and way of looking at the world. In letters to Temple, Mrs. Grandin wrote, Be proud you are different.All bright flock who have contri howevered to life have been different and found the path of life lonely. turn the joiners and social butterflies flutter about, Temple, youll get real things done (p. 124). You need symbols. You live them. Like a work of art they are a physiologic exp ression of what you feel (p. 125). Wanting to grow really loves yourself, loving the best part of yourself (p. 148). Temples mother was not her only champion. While at the Mountain Country School, a teacher, Mr. Carlock emerged as an influential teach for Temple. Like Temples mother, Mr.Carlock didnt guess any labels, dear the underlying talents (p. 90). He didnt try to draw Temple into his world but came instead into her world (p. 90). Through Mr. Carlock, Temple memorizet gentlemany social skills. He didnt preach but showed by his take in conduct a social perception that I envied and tried to emulate. From him I was involveing humanist values that I lacked because of my autism (p. 91). Mr. Carlock did not try to force Temple to study material simply because it was the curriculum. Instead he started with where she was and used her interests to connect her to learning. We start with you, Temple.If you want to prove your theory, then youll have to learn math, read scientific articles in the library, do some research (p. 107). He realized that competitiveness Temples fixations was futile instead he channeled her fixations into constructive projects (p. 90). These projects benefited Temple in many ways she learned through creating she was motivated to learn academics that might help with her projects she stayed focused and busy which decreased her anxiety and contain her chances of getting into trouble and she was productive, raising her worth both in her own eyes and that of her teachers and peers.Like Temples mother, Mr. Carlock affirmed Temples worth. Youre a gifted individual, Temple- much more than any individual with and sex appeal. Your appeal, when you grow up to it, forget be not only physical but intellectual, too (p. 92). Years later, Mr. Carlock, perhaps unaware of what he is doing, sums up his own successful approach in his preface for Temples autobiography, there is hope for the autistic child that deep, constant caring, understanding, acceptance, suitably high expectations, and support and encouragement for what is best in him will provide a base, from which he can grow to his own potential (p. ). From a very young age, Temple began to dream about a charming device that would provide intense, pleasant pressure stimulation to her body. In her vision this wonderful cable car would not be a substitute to her mothers hugs, but would be available at any time to soothe her (p. 36). Perhaps due to her high intelligence and the acceptance by the adults around her, Temple was able to hypothesis the standardisedities of experiences that made her feel better. Since I had no magical, comfort device, I wrapped myself in a drape or got under sofa cushions to satisfy my desire for tactile stimulation.At night, I tucked in the sheets and blankets tightly and then slid in under them. sometimes I wore cardboard posters like a sandwich board man because I enjoyed the pressure of the boards against my body (p. 37). Through a lu cky hint of fate, during a summer visit to her auntys ranch, Temple encounters a cattle squeeze machine a strongly built kiosk for holding cattle still to minimize the risk of injury to both the animal and the operator whilst work on the animal is performed. Temple was hypnotized by the squeeze machine she observed over and over that when placed in this machine, the nervous animals calmed down.When Temple climbs into the squeeze machine herself, she finds that it has a similar effect on her own nerves the effect was both affect and relaxing at the same time (p. 95). The magic device, the squeeze machine came to play a significant role in Temples journey. First, it became another project for her to focus constructively on. It also began to give Temple some control over her debilitating anxiety. The device also provided Temple with an incentive as she wouldnt allow herself the relaxation/stimulation of the chute until her homework was completed (p. 00). In college, proving the value of the squeeze machine for herself and other individuals with autism became a purpose for learning skills and subjects that did not come easily to Temple. Eventually, the squeeze machine became a major reason for Temples career choice. During her time at Mountain Country School, Temple was able to find spiritual strength in visiting The jubilates Nest. The braggings Nest was a small remark room on the roof where Temple could look out and see the mountains.With the characteristically literal thinking of an individual with autism, Temple had latched on to a Bible reading she heard at chapel Before each of you there is a door opening into heaven. Open it and be rescue (p. 84). Temple began to search for the door. She finds a little wooden door that assailable out onto the roof and to The Crows Nest. For Temple, this door, this place became her door to her enlightenment where she could feel safe, hopeful and peaceful and was able to explore herself her past, her present and h er future.Temple believed that in going through this little door, in spending time in the Crows Nest, she experienced an awakening of her soul and mind (p. 87). The Crows Nest became a symbol to Temple that she could move forward, notch through new doors and grow. While most of Temples outcome from autism took place before research on positive diversity outcomes for children with disabilities, it is unaffixed to see that Temples experiences demonstrate what research confirms to be true.Positive transition outcomes are more likely when parents or other family are problematical when the student has experienced school and community inclusion the student has input into the goals the student has had opportunity for employment experiences prior to graduation from secondary school the student has an appropriate level of social competence he student has developed skills and talents that are wanted and infallible by the employers the student has self-government and self-advocacy skill s and the student has postsecondary education.Parent Involvement Temple was blessed with a mother who provided matter-of-fact and emotional support as well as sourcing appropriate resources for Temple including therapy, a skilled nanny, schools and other experiences that helped Temple develop. Throughout her life other individuals took a personal interest in Temple, acting as mentors and directing her academically and socially. The affirmation that Temple received from her mother and her mentors fueled Temples will to succeed. Experience in School and Community InclusionFrom the scratch Temples mother facilitated Temples inclusion in school and the community. Temple attended schools for typical children, was expected to participate in family activities, was supported in having friends, learned to swim and ride horses and attended summer camp. When a difficulty arrived, her mother advocated strongly for Temple while judge Temples challenges. And when necessary, Temples mother sou ght out another school and community that was a better match for Temple. assimilator has Input into GoalsTemples teachers and mentors followed Temples interests, her fixations, and used these interests to persuade Temple to learn academic skills that did not interest her directly. Her interest in animals leads her to a degree in Animal Science. Temple states in her introduction, Successful people with Aspergers that I see were able to develop their talent area into skill that other people appreciate and want (p. 16). Self-determination and Self-advocacy Skills It is belike that Temple was born with a certain amount of determination to do what she wanted.Although often what she wanted was not what others wanted, this determination was refocused by her mentors into productive goals and projects that took into pecker what Temple wanted. Postsecondary Education Temple, with the support from both old and new mentors, attended college and graduate school. The college was carefully sel ected to meet Temples needs. I will forever bless those who selected a small college for me (p. 107). Skills and Talents that are wanted and needed by Employers/Opportunity for Employment Experiences From early on Temple was back up to create things.Later on she had opportunities to build and repair useful things such as a system to open the gate to her aunts ranch from the car. Although details are not given in Emergence, the book suggests that she had responsibilities at Mountain Country School to help with the farm and the horses. During her visit to her aunts ranch she is encouraged to try out running different equipment. The summer after high school graduation Temple spends the summer working at her Aunts ranch. While at college she work with children with disabilities.Temple herself advocates Develop their talents into skills that can be used in a trouble or hobby. The goal is to provide them with skills that can give them satisfaction in life through shared interests. Some of the happiest people in the autism spectrum are the ones who have friends that share their special interest (p 14). Social competence Through opportunity, experiences, role models and focal point from mentors she respected and felt cared for by, Temple was able to learn sufficient social competence to continue her education and hold jobs.Temple Grandins book, Emergence, offers a real life example of how love, support, experiences and appropriate teaching and guidance can allow an individual to overcome her disability. While Temple stands out as an astonishing story of success, where everything that contributed to her positive outcome came together roughly as a miracle, educators and parents of children with difficulties can use her experiences combined with the more new-made research to plan deliberately to improve positive outcomes for their children.

Difference Between Religion and Spirituality

This makeup draws from six published works that deal with psychological and scholarly research on pietism and spiritualism. The works vary in their explanations and use of the concepts and linguistic communication of ho stringss and spiritualty. yobbo et al. (2009) conjure up that that social scientists have traditionally been sufficient to make a transp arention between piety and spiritualism in their research. However, other psychologists contend that the definitions overlap. Therefore, the conceptual and operational definitions have been inconsistently utilize. This motif examines Hood et al. 2009) research in relationship to other works to suggest that a definitive definition of faith and spiritism should be certain and agreed upon to advance the science of devotion. Keywords worship, otherworldliness In order to explore the differences between worship and spirituality one must attempt to go down these terms. However, religion and spirituality atomic numb er 18 complex concepts not easily or definitively defin suitable at least not universally. Their meanings have changed over the line of reasoning of cartridge holder. At clock they have been utilize synonymously. Yet, at other times religion and spirituality ar con lookred distinct concepts having no overlap.A understand on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media.Furthermore, religion and spirituality are sometimes viewed as if one encompasses the other. It seems to simply be a progeny of opinion who is defining religion, when and for what purpose. To enhance this quandary, social Science research suggests that fix people, phantasmal and psychological educators and researchers touch on religion and spirituality inconsistently. This makes it particularly fractious for the scientific world to even compare research findings on religion and or spirituality. Religion and spirituality are complex and diverse heathen phenomenon.Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009), stated wh at one person is sure to call religious whitethorn be far removed from another persons understanding, particularly when we begin to analyze religion across traditions and cultures (p. 7). Western societies (especially in the joined States) in the not too distant past, typically fasten religion as an institutionalized set of beliefs and rituals near God that is experienced and or practiced collectively. Conversely, other regions of the world (including eastern Asia) may define religion as encompassing multiple Gods or even no Gods (e. . unholy supernatural entities) (Hood, et al. , 2009). Hood et al. , (2009) contend that Americans now use the term spirituality in place of religion. Nelson (2009), agrees with Hood et al. , that spirituality has become a synonym for religion. According to Nelson (2009), religion traditionally referred to all aspects of a humans search for and relationship to a divine or transcendent (something great than ourselves). Using the terminology of relig ion and spirituality interchangeably may be common practice but it doesnt mean that they mean the very(prenominal) things.Like religion, spirituality has been defined in a myriad of ways. In ancient times spirituality was associated with the Hebrew Christian traditions (Ottaway, 2003). Through the nineteenth century spirituality was often considered to be synonymous with spiritualism. Spiritualism referred to affect with spirits, the supernatural, and psychic phenomena (Nelson, 2009). Hence, spirituality was considered negatively up until the twenty-first century. According to Nelson (2009), now the term is often used to denote the experiential and personal side of our relationship to the transcendent or sacred (p. ). Nelson suggests that the people who use this definition tend to view religion as a distinct minute concept. They typically define religion as the organizational structures, practices, and beliefs of a religious group, (Nelson, 2009, p. 8). The rise in popularity o f spirituality in the last two decades has exaggerated the distinction and or lack of distinction between religion and spirituality. Whereas, some modern Americans use the terms interchangeably, others (especially those who abhor mainstream religions and all they are associated with) do not.The latter group might prefer to say that they are spiritual but not religious, (Zinnbauer, et al. , 1997). Conversely, people who unknowingly get married Epsteins (1993, 1994) Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) may view spirituality and religion as distinct concepts that are nonetheless related (Hill, 1999). I believe that religion and spirituality can be two distinct concepts but that currently the line between the two is too blurry to be able to depict one from the other. wizard could experience religion without experiencing spirituality (e. g. teenager labored to be church but merely going through the motions). On the other hand, one could also experience spirituality (e. g. a g ood sense of awe in the presence of nature or enlightenment during meditation) in the absence of religion. Additionally, one could experience both spirituality and religion in the context of the other. For example, one could meditate communally with others in an institutional lay (typical of a religious experience) and experience spirituality. Another example is that one could attend church (typical of a religious experience) and meditate individually during the church service.At this point in time, religion and spirituality overlap in a plethora of ways. Each can have a reverence to a God, Gods, or a higher supernatural power or powers. Likewise, religion and spirituality can separately have private, public, personal, communal, conscious, unconscious, tangible, intangible, subjective and objective components to them. One difference between spirituality and religion is that spirituality does not engage an institutional framework, (Hood, et al, 2009, p. 11). Another difference is that religion does not direct communal practices (e. g. an elderly invalid can religiously pray at home).My views on religion and spirituality are that of a layperson and an aspire psychologist and are indubitably confusing. However, my view doesnt seem to differ easily from others (laypersons, religious professionals and scholars, and social science professionals and researchers), as a finite definition for religion or spirituality is nonexistent (Zinnbauer et al. , 2010 Hood et al. , 2009, Nelson, 2009). According to Hood et al. (2009), a traditional distinction exists between religion and spirituality in the research literature, therefore the two terms are not used synonymously.Hood et al. (2009) explains that spirituality is viewed as personal and psychological, while religion is viewed as institutional and sociological. Basically, Hood et al. (2009), contends that religion is steeped in tradition and institution, whereas, spirituality has to do with a persons personal belief s, values and behaviors. This definition seems to be consistent with how religion and spirituality were defined between the 19th and 21st centuries. However, it should be noted, that Hood et al. 2009) also, later state that in fact it is safety to say that even we three authors of this text do not in full agree with each other about the meaning of these terms (p. 11). To compound matters, other psychologists suggest that religion and spirituality are used inconsistently in the research literature. Zinnbauer et al, (1997) argue that although social scientists have attempted to define, take, and meditate about religion and spirituality, they have done so inconsistently. Still, the ways in which the words are conceptualized an used are often inconsistent in the research literature (p. 549).According to Bender (2007) religion has been associated with a ceremonious or institutional system and expression of belief and practices that is corporate, public, and conscious in scholarly st udies. Conversely, spirituality has been defined as individual, private and unconscious, (Bender, 2007). Due to the inconsistencies in the definitions and use of religion and spirituality a pilot study was conducted to tell how religious professionals defined and evaluated religion and spirituality. The 2006 study conducted by Corine Hyman and Paul Handal at Saint Louis University in Missouri included Imans, Ministers, Priests, and Rabbis.These religious experts were asked to conceptually define religion and spirituality and to identify if there were any overlaps between the two. The study findings indicate that there were overlaps between the two concepts. However, religion was defined in a traditional sense of objective, institutional and ritualistic and spirituality was defined as subjective, internal and divine or transcendent (Hyman & Handal , 2006). Another study, this time conducted at the Maryland University, attempted to discern how lay people define religion and spiritual ity and how they make distinctions between the two.The participants in this study consisted of 67 adults aged 61 to 93 who lived in three different hideaway communities (Schlehofer, Omoto, A. M. , Adelman, 2008). The research findings indicate that the participants were better able to define religion concretely, than they were able to define spirituality. In fact, some participants were not able to define spirituality at all, (Schlehofer et al. , 2008). The afore mentioned studies illustrate that defining religion and spirituality is an current task and not easily surmountable.This of course, makes the task of operationally defining religion and spirituality even harder. According to Bender (2007), spirituality is typically measurable by asking questions about psychological well-being, experience, and self-identification while religion is measured by questions about activities and doctrine. Although, many operational definitions have been developed and used to measure religion and spirituality, how does one actually know what one is beat if the thing(s) that one is measuring is not clearly defined?CONCLUSIONS and Future Study Ergo, in order to try to understand how religion and or spirituality affect all aspects of a persons life, it is prudent for the scientific community to agree on what it is that they are actually researching. Once, the terms are defined and agreed upon, then they can operationally define each term. Only then, can psychologists more confidently conduct research and compendium to understand the true effects of religion and spirituality and make comparisons about those findings.ReferencesBender, C. (2007). Religion and Spirituality History, Discourse, Measurement. Retrieved from http//religion.ssrc.org/reforum/Bender.pdf Hill, P. C. (1999). Giving religion away What the study of religion offers psychology. The International daybook for the Psychology of Religion, 94(4), 229-249. Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). The Psycho logy of Religion, 2, 7-11. Hyman, C., & Handal, P. J. (2006). Definitions and evaluation of religion and spirituality items by religious professionals A pilot study. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 264-282. insidehttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9015-zNelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Introduction to Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Retrieved from http//ucelinks.cdlib.org8888/sfx_local/img/sfxmenu/dl_logo_1024.png Schlehofer, M. M., Omoto, A. M. and Adelman, J. R. (2008). How do religion and spirituality differ? Lay Defintions among fourth-year Adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47 411-425.Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M.S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T.G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and Spirituality Unfuzzing the Fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36 (4). Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/1387689

The Rights Of The Defendant In The American Criminal Justice System

The pitiful aloneice place ment enforces im clean-living statutes through the social and legal institutions in accordance with the overconfident iniquitous procedure and regulations. It consists of sub organisations such as the rightfulness enforcement, the judiciary, the public prosecutors and defenders, probation and tidings agencies and the corrections department, and the prison institutions (Frase and Weidner, n. d. ). The savage statutes define abominations and their respective vindications. On the separate hand, criminal procedure delineates the the stages of the criminal wreak from arrest through pursuit, sentencing, conjure and release from prison (Jacobs, 2007).The criminal legal expert system work some(prenominal) in the federal and state levels. Each has its own set of criminal laws, tourist courts, enforcement agencies and probation systems (Jacobs, 2007). The foundation of criminal procedure is the U. S. piece (Jacobs, 2001). Specifically the Bill of Rights is determined in the Constitution to protect the citizens from the vast powers of government. It grants fundamental a justlys and liberties to all those animate in the United States (Jacobs, 2001). The defendant in a criminal prosecution is authorize the presumption of innocence.This necessarily symbolizes that the burden of proving his guilty conscience beyond earthable doubt rests upon the prosecution (Jacobs, 2001). The repayable dish clause of the Constitution accorded the defendant a wide array of protections and guarantees such as large him an opportunity to be heard. The Fifth Amendment ensures that the defendant is non tried twice or more for the similar offense and by the same authority. This is the righteousness against double jeopardy (Jacobs, 2001) Moreover, the Constitution protects the defendant by guaranteeing that he does not designate against himself or the right against self incrimination (Jacobs, 2001).The rights enumerated under the 6th Amendment refer to the codified rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. The rights of the defendant in criminal prosecution are 1) right to a speedy test 2) right to a public political campaign 3) right to a psychometric test by jury 4) notice of the accusation (5) right to confront the debate witnesses 6) right to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses and (7) the assistance of talk over or right to counsel (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to a speedy discharge prevents tyrannical incarceration in the start place trial and ensures defense by the accused of his cause.The right to a public trial acts as a safeguard against execration of discriminative power. Moreover, it in any case assures the accused that he is informed of the charges against him. This is part of cod process (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to confront opposing witnesses refers to the right of the accused to penetrate examine said witnesses. He is similarly entitled to su bpoena witnesses in his behalf (Oxford Companion, 2005). Finally, the accused is also entitled to be re chip ined by counsel or a lawyer. The Eight Amendment on the former(a) hand proscribes high-spirited bail, cruel and unusual punishments (Jacobs, 2001). The rate of crime in the U.S. is quite terrific and this is blamed on the ineffective criminal legal expert system. The ineffective system is cod to the adversarial character and its irrational maze of procedural technicalities. match to Maechling, the trial is characterized by artificiality whereby it is reduced into nothing tho a sport game where defense lawyers try to come inwit and use technicalities against the prosecution in their tactical defense theories. Frivolous objections and dilatory tactics mar the trial. By reason of this growing recognition, authorities have started to look into the possibility of reform in the criminal justice system.Synopsis of Gideons Trumpet The h sure-enough(a) up written by Anthony Lewis was inspired by the actual court case, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for a felony in 1961 in Panama City. The felony under Florida law involved the breaking and entrance the Bay Harbor pool hall. During trial earlier the trial court, Gideon communicate for the court to appoint a lawyer to handle his defense. The judge denied his solicit on the ground that state law allows appointment of counsels for indigents for capital offenses and con expressionring that the felony he was being affianced for is not one with a capital penalty besides a misdemeanor, i.e. petty larceny he is thus not entitled to have a counsel found for him. Gideon had no choice but to represent himself. Gideon has been previously convicted of four felonies, homeless and destitute. He had exactly the tuition of an eighth grader. He conducted his trial and lost. He was sentenced to imprisonment of five years. Subsequently, he applied for a writ of habeas corpus before the state sovereign courtroom based on the alleged violation of his rights under the federal Constitution. This was denied.He filed his five-page Petition for Certiorari directed at the autocratic Court of Florida requesting for the Court to take cognizance of his case. He also filed an application to litigate in forma pauperis. His main argument was that his trust violated the delinquent process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He claimed that when he was bared the right to counsel during a trial for a felony, it was tantamount to depriving him his right to repayable process of the law. The Supreme Court of U. S. granted Gideons petition and the judgment of conviction was reverse and remanded to the Supreme Court of Florida.In so doing, the ruling in the case of Betts v. Brady and effect was overturned. In the Betts case, Court ruled that the appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right essential to a fair trial 316 U. S. 455 (1942). It located gloomy the principle that the right to be represented by counsel is not necessary in state cases involving non capital offenses except in special circumstances. In Gideon, the Court in abandoning the Betts reasoning ruled that the right to assistance of counsel is imperative, basic and fundamental and the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the same be available and applicable in state courts.Synopsis of The Onion Field This book was written by Joseph Wambaugh. The novel is about the two felony car officers who patrolled the side streets of Hollywood and Sunset Boulevard. Ian Campbell was breaking in Karl Hettinger, who was newly assigned to felony cars. In the evening of March 9, 1963, two were patrolling and noticed a suspicious 1946 Ford. both decided to check it out. The two men in the Ford were amenable for the robberies in the area. Powell exited the car and poked a gun at Campbell while smith exited the passenger side.Hettinger was asked to hand his gun to Smith and both cops were forced to generate in the Ford. Campbell at gunpoint drove the Ford while Hettinger placed flat on the trading floor of the backseat. They were assured that they would be released when they get to the contradictory area so that it would take cartridge holder for them to get help. After drive for sometime, they stopped and both were asked to get out of the car. Powell fired at Campbell and get him in his mouth. Hettinger ran to the field while he heard four more shots. Both culprits were perceiveed and went through custodial investigation. Both pointed to severally other as to who shot Campbell.After many years of dilatory motions, appeals and lengthy trials, both were found guilty and sentenced to death in 1967. Since death penalty was abolished in the early 1970s, their sentences were commuted to life. Discussion and Analysis The main theme of Gideons is that confederation essentialiness protect a soul aerated with an offense. The rights and liberties afforde d to him by the law and the Constitution must be strictly observed and enforced. The accused must be presumed poverty-stricken until proven guilty and he must be afforded the right to have counsel because this is part of the right to collect process.The strike of law requires knowledge, skill and experience in trial proceedings. Even an improve and intelligent man who is not properly educated and trained in law is considered incompetent and unable to defend himself. Courts are created to punish and deprive the guilty of their liberties through imprisonment and other imposable penalties. Thus, it is imperative that if a person is charged with an offense in court he must be able to put a defense and be heard by a properly trained counsel. To deprive him of this would be tantamount to depriving him of due process and would render nugatory the basic tenets of the Bill of Rights.A person charged of an offense would need the expertise of a counsel so that he does not risk himself of b eing convicted even if he be ingenuous simply because he does not know how to establish his innocence. More so an uneducated man, a feeble minded person or an indigent. Consequently, it becomes the responsibleness of the court to appoint counsel so that such person whitethorn not be denied due process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The central theme in The Onion Field is that the defendants brought to trial are guilty already.It also justifies the use of deadly force by the police to achieve their ends so that it sack serve to prevent crime. It also portrays the weakness of the legal system when it can be manipulated to prolong and defer the trial by legal tactics and dilatory measures by the defense which further victimized the cop who survived the crimeHettinger. He was asked to relive and testify over and over again the details of the incident. The courts have been overly antifertility of the rights of the defendants that it defeats the very ends of a ca lmful and safer society. Similarly, there are two prototypes of criminal law that are subject of heated debates.Central to this controversy is rooted from the goals of the criminal justice system commencement exercisely, the need to enforce and implement the laws to maintain peace and social effectuate and secondly, the need to protect people from being victims of injustice. The first goal is the crime reassure form, as developed by Herbert pugilist in 1960s while the second is the due process model (Schmalleger, 1999). The crime reign over model has placed its priority upon arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals. This model supports and justifies all acts of the police and prosecution on an all out war against crime.This includes profiling, sting operations, patrolling areas that are high risk and the like. It entails aggressive identification, pursuit, closing off and prosecution of the criminals. This model allows collateral damage or acceptable losses even if thi s be a human life (Perron, n. d. ). For instance, a 75-year old minister was handcuffed during a raid on drugs. He suffered and died of a affectionateness attack. Later it turned out that the informant gave a wrong apartment number. The minister is considered a collateral damage in the war against drugs (Perron, n. d. ).Moreover, the crime control model assumes the defendant is already guilty even before trial. In the book, The Onion Field the investigating police officers already fancied that Powell and Smith are guilty of the crimes for which they were being investigated even before their trial. This can be seen from Smiths apprehension when he was thrown to the floor of his bedroom and shouted at by the apprehending officers as a cop-killer. referable to countless motions and re-trials, Hettinger was made to relive and recount his ordeal. He was on moral trial by his colleagues.He resigned and got involved in petty thefts and was never the same again. Hettinger was the collat eral damage. The Due Process Model focuses on protecting the rights and liberties of the defendant in criminal prosecutions. Perron, a certified criminal investigator claims that the due process model demands a careful and informed consideration of the facts of from each one individual case. According to this model, law enforcement agents must recognize the rights of suspects during arrest, questioning, and handling. In addition, inherent guarantees must be considered by judges and prosecutors during trials.The primary mission of the due process model is to protect innocent people from wrongful conviction. This model is guided by the principle that it is better to release guilty persons than to prosecute and incarcerate an innocent person. It recognizes the innocence of the accused before conviction and therefore prescribes as an imperative the observance and respect to the rights of persons during criminal prosecutions. It protects the rights of an individual first and foremost since the rights of one represent the rights of the many (Perron, n. d. ).The book, Gideons Trumpet whitethorn illustrate the due process model. The case was heard at the time when the Betts principle was controlling. This means that the accused can only be appointed a counsel in case where he is charged with a capital offense. The Supreme Court overturned this dictum and laid down a principle that indigent defendants in all criminal prosecutions must be given the right to assisted by counsel other than this will be a denial of his right to due process. Gideons upholds the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions and considers him innocent until proven guilty.To a trusted extent, the book The Onion Field illustrates also a due process model principle in that the numerous trials and hearings manifested a system that allowed due process or the right of the accused to be heard and present his own evidence during trial. For the law enforcement, the due process model only frustra tes and delays the elimination of crime in the society. It is claimed that observance of the rights of the accused only lengthens the process of putting the criminal behind bars. It protects the guilty at the expense of innocent individuals.On the other hand, advocates of due process model believe that crime control model is prone to commit errors that result consequently in the conviction of the innocent. They believe that it is too harsh and believes in the philosophy of a police state (Perron, n. d. ). Conclusion These two models are susceptible to being conciliate and rationalized. As proposed by a noted criminologist Frank Scmalleger in his book, miserable Justice Today claimed that the American criminal justice system works as a crime control through due process. According to him, this new model counterpoises the different strengths and weaknesses of the previous two models.It harnesses the strong points of each model and avoids their respective pitfalls. This means that l aw enforcement strategies to control crime and apprehend criminals can continue under the philosophy of still brining the defendant to court for prosecution. Although evidence may be gathered as to prove actual guilt still the judiciary is left with the role of establishing legal guilt. The sterling(prenominal) challenge that is facing the criminal justice system is finding balance between the rights of the defendant in criminal prosecutions and the interest of the people in the society to impose punishment on the guilty.As between the crime control model and the due process model, I would prefer to live in the due process model of criminal justice. The United States symbolizes stability and state and its Constitution as the bedrock of society. Advocating crime control model would mean the higher risk of violations of civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and the principles embodied in the Declaration of Independence of our forefathers. All men are created equal with inf rangible rights in seeking life, liberty and happiness. By leaving to the power and goody of the police and law enforcement, the prerogative to adjudge guilt i.e. factual guilt would mean leaving the decision to curtailing freedom and liberties in the hands of men who are not properly trained to seek legal guilt. It would also mean that rules in determining factual guilt may be relative and subjective unlike if this was determined in accordance with laws and judicial pronouncements based on jurisprudence and sound judicial principles. In order to keep order and peace in a society, laws are to be observed with uniformity and with a clear and informed consideration of the facts before one is convicted.The due process model makes use of an objective and just standards of determination of guilt or innocence rather than one that may be subjective and error prone. 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